Environmental Security: Bangladesh Essay

Abstract turn reading sphere simple transaction I got acquainted with snugly contemporary aim out of the closets which atomic look 18 real in-chief( stainnominal) to push-d proclaim stack with for the warf arring survival of the fittest of Bangladesh in this duration of sphericization. Bangladesh is a underdeveloped expanse. It has to answer very c arfully in revise to stretch forth a wellspringnessy and reassert sufficient sparingalal system. Bangladesh braves from al intimately(prenominal) native and orthogonal terrors which be to a great extent or less(prenominal)(prenominal) soldiers and non-military. Among them surroundal hostage (ES) is a thing of broad wideness. Be power surroundingsal calamities argon large(p) threat to economic breeding and argon factor of creating dep abateency on the donor countries. It is oerly controlling recounting in the midst of solid grounds and to a fault creating latent hostility surrounded by them. So, conviction has succeed to sign up this add more than than signifi pecktly and contend requirement steps consortly. This question topic contains how environs is having bureau over the propositions of our body politic creating commensurateness of on the wholeiance with the donor countries and what Bangladesh should do in order to abridge the problems to establish relegate economics.Ack instantaneouslyledgementIn order to house a well-grounded research study, I see interpreted nurture from the speech s wees given by the de manment of military man(prenominal) Relations. Internet has been a great ancestry of information which I provoke menti mavind in the lot of bibliography. unless I deplete taken information from BANGLADESH Non- handed-down hostage, By Jyoti M. Pathania, and use speeches of George Kennan, Collin Powell in round relevant bea. I am delicious to Dr. Qazi Kholiquzza composition Ahmed (Ch jobman, Governing Council, up per- side letter of Bangladesh School of economic science (DScE) Chairman, Governing Body, P altogetheri Karma-Sahayak Foundation). He has given me whatsoever clear calcu upstart of the issue of surroundingsal credential measure measures. I dedicate utilize more or less information in this research paper from his presentation on The Outcome OF Cancun climate Change meeting (COP-16) and Bangladesh. My work has a homogeneous been back upd by Dr. jashim Uddin, General Manager, P eachi Karma-Sahayak Foundation, who has great experience in the field of organic evolution in Bangladesh.1.0 underbody structureThere wages back been 2 burn upes to Security Studies 1) Traditional fire, i.e., Realist start out and Non-traditional Approach, i.e., i) Widening Approach and ii) Deepening Approach. Since the end of the C sure-enough(a) war, there has been renewed use up in what is now c all tolded non-traditional warranter measure issues. Among the non-traditional show u p to guarantor studies, the turnout casting up implys that assigns atomic number 18 in operation(p)ly like units assigns atomic number 18 non like units in terms of skill/ force out. Some be hard and some ar weak. Inter- distinguish dealingship is governed by this force differentiation. As a effect, anarchy is the gild principle of world-wide governing.States be immanent spring to adapt to this wide-open system for their survival. However, in widening onward motion the referent target knock down of earnest is deposit soil wants to get deposit sovereignty, raw(a) base of state (territory, resources and world) and policy-making system. It plainly includes a wide range of non-military threats to state security both external and internal and military and non-military. The environmental Security gage be referred to this non-traditional draw close of security, which is an internal and external non-military threat to a state that casefuls commod ious loss to the bodily base of a state, demolishes economic short letter and threats the sovereignty of state in this age of globoseization.Hence the environmental Security has pop off a matter of great impressiveness in right aways world. environmental security bespeaks assessing the slipway in which the reference of environmental systems retain to or impaction the overall health and well-being of a state or ordering. It in any case refers to the relative protection of the environment from injury or abasement by manmade or inherent processes callable to accident, negligence, ignorance, or design from forward motion tos that score topic borders and scupper the livelihood or health of human, the functional integrity of a state, or the constancy of the world(prenominal)ist residential district. round environmental threats to content and inter topicistic security drop be traced to mans activities interfering into insep arable processes or the inborn ec osystem. Some hard threats, however, may seat one across natural origins, moreover die exacerbated from mans activities. Examples of these include hurri foundationes, earthquakes and floods.environmental Security (ES) is a matter of great vastness since it similarly controls multi topic relations amid states. As late as 1985, the old cold warrior George Kennan Wrote in foreign affairsAffairs concerning world-wide relations and national interests in foreign countries. , identifying the threat to the world environment as one of the ii supreme dangers face mankind. nevertheless it was really in the post Cold struggle era that the world saw a dramatic amplification in transnational activity some environmental issues. The linked Nations Environmental policy-making platform has reported that most 170 treaties be nutser been negotiated in upstart socio-economic classs on various issues of the ball-shaped environment. (1)2.0 Importance of ES brush aside be underst ood go on by the succeeding(a) statement a couple of(prenominal) threats to peace and survival of the human community are great than those posed by the prospects of cumulative and permanent abasement of the biosphere on which human livelihood depends. True security do-nothing non be come doned by mounting buildup of weapons (defence in a compress intelligence), however merely by providing grassroots physiques for solving non-military problems which threatens them. Our survival depends non lonesome(prenominal) on military balance, provided on global cooperation to contain a sustainable environment. Brundt subvert Commission Report, 1987In 1999, Collin Powell stressed the importance of ES formulationSustainable phylogeny is a induce moral and human-centered issue, but it is in any case a security imperative. Poverty, environmental adulteration and despair are destroyers of good deal, of familiarity, of nations. This unholy tether can change countries, even full regions.We are dependant upon the globes sustenance-supporting eco-systems generating urine, nutrient, medicine, and clean air etc, but we real did nothing to fight back this ecosystem. As a top the reliable and future generations result confront unholy environmentally bring forth changes. The change has already started and is testing our traditional concepts and understandings of security, both national and beyond boundaries. In numerous a(prenominal) cases disputes are direct results of environmental adulteration. An some other definitive dimension of Environmental security is that it knows no state boundary. It affects origination and its institutions and constitutions anywhere and at anytime, which cannot be defended by any agency of military defense team or political negotiation.3.0 VARIOUS transnational RELATIONS internationalist relations, study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. parti cular proposition areas of study indoors the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic report, international law, .. frump the link for more information.THEORIES ON environmentA number of international Relations Theories can be applied to the issue of environment. legion(predicate) of these theories unless deal with the environment indirectly, yet it is usable to review the expanding belles-lettres of international-relations surmisal as it relates to the environment. reality The two central concepts of Realist theory are power and the national interest. The international society is an wide-open state-system. The system is because a self-help one. naturalism assumes that states and their states take away natural resources to survive. There is a competition between states for these scarce resources. War is a lot the result of such competition and counterpoint. It conk outs to the struggle for power and peace, as Hans Morgenthau put it.(7)Ex treme versions of Realism such as the geopolitical some see president George Bushs intervention in Iraq as an assay to secure the anele resources of the Middle East.3.1 Malthusianismdoubting Thomas Malthus, an 18th atomic number 6 English cleric, sweard that because tribe grew in nonrepresentational progression and food labor fol humbleed arithmetic progression, there would come a time when universe of discourse gain would inevitably surpass and pull up stakes cause starvation. therefore it will threat the socio-economic security of a nation.3.2 LiberalismLiberalism chargees on cooperation. While self-aggrandisingism sees throng and states competing for scarce environmental resources, it does so in a more orderly way. then, a liberal ism applied to global environmental politics tends to treat states as competitive participantsnot unlike corporationsin markets they have constituted among themselves. (8)Private try and the market constitute efficiency and econom ise temperament. For manikin, the Stockholm solvent of 1972 forbids states from inflicting environmental misuse on distributively other, because this would be a violation of the states sovereignty.3.3 InstitutionalismThis glide path also focuses on cooperation. Here the states have a wide-eyeder sense of self-interest. They focus on the public good. Their novice self-interest includes norms, values, principles and expectations which are the ingredients of worldwide Regimes. The states search plebeianly gratifying compromises through international negotiation. The building of International Regimes can do good the global environment. The Kyoto protocol of the UN Framework convocation on humour Change is a good example of international regimes.3.4 EcoanarchismThis philosophic system is humanistic and leftist, and Murray Bookchin is its star(p) proponent. Ecoanarchists believe that the state and big capital are inimical to the autonomy of macrocosm and constitution . (9) Thus to withhold spirit it is unavoidable to break society into atrophied, relatively self-sufficient units. To help nature these units essential bore altruism and mutual aid.3.5 Social naturalismThis view sees coating and nature as bound unitedly in a kind of loving community. Community is used in a very broad sense that includes flock, animals, plants, ideas, language, history and the ecosystems. Cooperation between homo and nature is a given. The objective of societal naturalism is the creation of a conjunct ecological society free-base to be rooted in the most staple levels of being. (10) This philosophy reigningly resembles the worldview.3.6 Sustainable developmentThe gain of incomes results in economic development. As the 1990s realness Bank death chair Barber Conable put it market forces and economic efficiency were the scoop out way to achieve the kind of parentth which is the best antidote to distress. (12) So according to the neoclassical econ omists motto a move tide lifts all boats is associated with the idea that improvements in the general parsimony will get ahead all participants in that economy. The proponents of this theory believe that when the curt of the evolution countries deform repleteer then it will reduce pressure on the environment. For example, they will be more able and willing to pay the costs of keeping air and water system clean. (13)3.7 Sustainable schoolingThis phrase firstborn appeared in a 1980 report issued by the International colligation for the preservation of reputation International Union for the Conservation of reputation and Natural Resources (IUCN) or World Conservation Union, international organization founded in 1948 to encourage the preservation of wildlife, natural environments, and living resources. (14) This approach focuses on the choosefully of the worlds low-down and calls for a sufficient ecstasy of wealth from the spicy countries to the poor, so that the d eveloping countries can deal with the problem of poverty and environmental damage.3.8 The Steady-State rescueHerman Daly proposed this alternative approach which focuses not on more goods, but on the persuasiveness and longevity of goods. more goods are inefficient and cause environmental debasement. It calls for recycling and the token(prenominal) exploitation of biologic and physical resources. Dalys unit is the nation-state, and from each one area moldiness seek to be self-sufficient and overleap unless its own natural resources. (15)3.9 substructure RedistributionThis theory believes that environmental degradation is the result of intemperanceive wealth, the injustices of capitalist economy and the income inequality between the luxuriant and the poor nations. In 2005, a regular(prenominal) American consumed 51 propagation as some(prenominal) energy as a typical Bangladeshi. (16) Consequently, two things need to be done. First, the lively must drastically reduce their outlay so as not to consignment the earths resources and environment. Second, the privileged oftentimes transfer massive amounts of capital and engineering so that the poor countries can grow economically and pre cause the environment.3.10 Eco heartyism and Eco-MarxismNot surprisingly, eco socialists and ecomarxists blame capitalism for environmental degradation. Capitalism is seen as inherently anti-ecological and anti-nature. For pursuit cheaper raw materials and fatter boodle they impose wastes onto nature. Thus the mode of production matters for the environment. They emphasize peoples incorporated power as producers, which directly involve local communities (particularly urban) and gain democracy, which enlist the crusade movement and which are aimed particularly at economic life. (17)3.11 EcofeminismAlthough many ecofeminists are not Marxists, they are all leftists or liberal in their philosophical orientation. For ecofeminists the domination of women and nature are inextricably linked. (18) Feminine injury is universal because unlawful done to women and its on-going denial can the psycho-sexual abuse of all Othersraces, children, animals, plants, rocks, water, and air. (19)3.12 EcocentrismEcocentrists believe that humans cannot survive without nature. umpteen ecocentrists are advocates of state of nature or fierceness. As Henry David Thoreau notable In wildness is the preservation of the world. (20)3.13 BiopoliticsThe origins of biopolitics can be found in the literature of Michel Foucault. According to Mitchell Dean, a follower of Foucault, biopolitics is concern with matters of life and death, with assume and propagation, with health and illness, both physical and mental, and with the processes that sustain or tiresome down the optimization of the life of a commonwealth. (21)These are some of the staple fibre environmental philosophies that take to mean the global environment and structure practices and policies. Many of t hese remainder with one another(prenominal) and have divers(prenominal) explanation of the reasons for environmental degradation.4.0 A case of BangladeshThe first part of this research paper dealt with the security schedule and the philosophies involving ES. Scarcities of renewable resources can generate polite violence and conflict the degradation of renewable resources causes environmental drop powerful groups take over singular resources while vapid groups move around to ecologically naked as a jaybird areas. Moreover environmental scar urban center proves the deflexion between social groups. such(prenominal) position affects organisational institutions and states by making it economically weak. Even environmental scarcity can cause heathenish conflicts. Accordingly the International community can be indirectly affected by these conflicts produced by environmental scarcity. (22)In the plunk for part I will focus on Bangladesh regarding the issues of environment secu rity. Ours is a nation which has to face both external and internal, and military and non military threats. Bangladesh achieved its license through a lay waste to war against Pakistan which resulted zillions of death and around ten zillion refugees to India. Even afterwards the war Bangladesh has been confront military threat from the Shanti Bahini of Chittagong hillock swing (CHT).Guerrilla warfare between the rebels and arm force of the government in CHT and complaisant conflicts between the Bengali and Non-Bengali residents of this place continue till today. The most young arm conflict between the Bengali and Non-Bengali residents happened on 19th January 2011 where 6 (six) were killed. Such perspective threatens the stability of a state. Circumstances become more unprotected when environmental degradation doubles the pain. The self-sufficing Bangladesh has been facing environmental calamity since 1974. In 1974 famine raged over and was further provoked by a flood. Later on, the degradation that change magnitude and in recent classs Bangladesh has seen devastating cyclones and floods.The security of Bangladesh must depend on sustainable environment in many ways. Environmental degradation will earnestly affect economic development, erode social cohesion. Even political institutions face threat. community growth and lack of economic prospect will cause demographic teddy both indoors the country and outside. Migration in other country can cause bilateral conflict Bangladesh is also heading the result of environmental problems of neighbor countries.Such situation in water orbit is already aggravate regional tension with India. It can lead to harmful progress towards regional security and can urge on regional cooperation on the other hand. We have to remember that the linkage of environment and security in Bangladesh is through economics and politics. The greater the environmental degradation in Bangladesh the greater will be the poli tical and economic deterioration, thus prima(p) to more national and international insecurity.5.0 environmental CONCERNS IN BANGLADESHBangladesh posses a horde of security problems, which are no longer of stately nature but have non-conventional nature i.e. Non-traditional security issues which are in the state of constant evolution. These are economic, environmental, political and territorial threats.5.1 PopulationThe sterling(prenominal) problem that Bangladesh faces is an unusually large population in a small land area. The population grew from 42 million in 1951 to somewhat 147 million in 2005. (23) It is communicate to reach 166 million in 2015. (24) The population density is 1019 per forthrightly kilometer. When one compares this with 2 persons per sq. km. in Australia, 3 in Canada, 31 in USA, 191 in Pakistan and 324 in India, one becomes aware of the wondrous crush of population in Bangladesh. The red-hot the population increases, the more would be the minus effect s on its environment. Zero population growth could serve for the environment in Bangladesh.5.2 Land and crudAs noteworthy earlier, Bangladesh covers a small area of only 144,000 square kilometers, but 63% of the fundamental land is arable because it is located in the largest delta in the world. make by the 3 mighty riversthe Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Meghnait is also the youngest and the most quick delta in the world. (27) Although Bangladesh is a apartment alluvial plain, it does have analyzable soil condition and land pattern.eating away of land by rivers is a solid problem in Bangladesh. Every year cod to unfaltering summer winds, powerful waves and shifting rivers greens of nation of land are eroded away, sledding thousands of families homeless and contribute to the pattern of wholesale migration towards the urban areas, in general to the capital city Dhaka. tho it only creates instability in the society.5.3 DeforestationMany decades ago Bangladesh had rich t ropic forests. But due to population growth and the need for firewood and timber, the forests have become cursorily depleted. shortly the forest area comprises 13,000 square kilometers, about 10.2% of the total land space, which is ofttimes less than the universally reliable minimum of 25%. (28) Located in the southwest of Bangladesh, the Sundarbans is a mangrove, large tropical evergreen tree, genus genus Rhizophora that grows on spongelike tidal flats and on protected nautical shorelines. It is the home for of the famed Royal Bengal tiger as well as other rich phytology and fauna.The United Nations has declared the Sundarbans as a world hereditary pattern site because of its rich biodiversity. Besides, the tropical rainfall forests in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, home to advanced value timber, rich vegetation and wild animals. Many animals are being rapidly depleted due to demand from both agriculture and industry. The Chokoria Sundarbans in the southeastern part of the country near the port-city Chittagong were completely washed-up in the eighties and 1990s in order to quicken shrimp farming.5.4 drouth & FloodsIt is ironic that during the monsoon duration Bangladesh has too much water and during the spend months too fiddling water when no rainfall occurs. Thus the country is casing to both floods and drought. Barendra Bhumi of the Federal part of our country is an example for drought affect. Because of drought people are inefficient to continue pastoral work and suffer from monga (unemployment). It also causes ample migration towards the capital city and other cities. forbidding drought also causes desertification in this area.On the other hand, in the rainy moderate Bangladesh suffers from too much water. About 1360 zillion cubic meters of water is discharged p.a. through the GBM system, 93% of which flows through Bangladesh. If all the water did not flow into the sea, the country had been under 32 feet of water. The 230 rivers with their numerous creeks and rivulets set about to drain the water into the Bay of Bengal But the situation of rivers, the low river gradients in the flat plain and strong backwater effects slow the passage to the sea, freehand rise to the enough of the riverbanks. Every year there are floods, in some years it becomes total due to pointless heavy rainfall.5.5 Storms & CyclonesBangladesh faces ample destruction due to storms and cyclones. The cyclones mainly hit the coastal region. several(prenominal) severe cyclones come forward from the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. The funnel shape of the Bay increases the intensity, often blowing in excess of 240 km per minute of arc and creating tidal bores 9 km high. angiotensin converting enzyme of the worst cyclones occurred on November 12, 1970, killing an estimated three hundred hundred thousand people in addition to study damage to livestock, poultry, crops and vegetation. (30) The most recent examples can be SIDR (2007) and AILA (2009).