Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Essay

Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations - Essay Example The plain view exception indicates that the search warrant holders should seize evidence in plain view. No warrant is needed to seize evidence that is in view. However, in computer devices, this is not applicable. Courts have generally held that law enforcers are entitled to search the entire computing device for evidence in the case of a crime. The law enforcers are encouraged to look for information in the entire device by reviewing every file in the computer. This is major because of the ease with which files in a computer can be camouflaged or hidden in different kinds of names and extensions. Assume that the courts in your jurisdiction are considering requiring a judicially approved ‘search protocol’ before a judge will sign a search warrant authorizing a search of any computer device. Computers can be used to manipulate evidence and make it difficult for authorities to obtain the required information to prosecute or find evidence. Even though law enforcers are allo wed to carry out a search warrant if the courts deem it fit to curtail their mandate they would be forced to oblige, but at the risk of losing vital evidence. If courts restrict searches of computer devices up to the point when a judicial approval is received, suspects can manipulate their devices and do away with what can be incriminating. However, if the judicial approval is needed before a search warrant, then the law enforcers should be allowed to have the devices in their possession to eliminate the risk of the accused tampering with the evidence.

Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Karl Marx - Essay Example His father Heinrich Marx was a lawyer by profession and the descendant of a long line of Rabbis. His mother, Henriette Presburg Marx, had a very similar genealogy as well. Hienrich Marx had to convert to Lutheranianism just before Karl was born because Jews were not allowed to practice law at the time. Karl was also baptized in the same church at the age of six in the year 1824. Karl was also sent to a Lutheran elementary school in his early years. He attended the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Trier and graduated in 1835 at the age of 17 having studied for 5 years. In school, Karl excelled in languages and learned to read, write and speak both Latin and French very fluently. His language learning abilities would not abandon him throughout his life as later on he taught himself to read and write various European languages such as English, Scandinavian, Russian, Italian, Dutch and Spanish. After completing school, Marx enrolled in Bonn University in Bonn to study law and fulfill his f ather’s wish. Marx did not want to study law and was more interested in philosophy and literature so he spent most of his time at Bonn drinking a lot and partying. He also piled up a mountain of debt during his time at Bonn University. (Encyclopedia of World Biography) He also got engaged to Jenny von Westphalen in his time at Bonn. Jenny was the daughter of Baron von Westphalen, who was a notable member of the Trier society. Marx became also started reading up on and became interested in Sino-Simonian politics and Romantic literature on the advice of his to-be father-in-law. (Kreis) Karl then moved to Berlin where he joined the University of Berlin. It was here in Berlin that Marx started blossoming into the radical philosopher who would go on to shake the roots of Europe. The University of Berlin was a hot bed of brilliant thinkers who were debating and challenging existing ideas and institutions, including ethics, religion, philosophy etc. Marx joined these philosophers an d studied in Berlin for four years and finally finished with a doctorate in 1841. It was during his time in Berlin that Marx abandoned romanticism for Hegelianism. (Kreis) After completing his studies, Marx started preaching his radical ideas through a newspaper which was soon shut down by the Prussian government and Marx was forced to migrate to France. In France, Marx became active as soon as he reached and soon became a communist. He also met Friedrich Engels in Paris who would later become a lifelong ally. Marx was soon expelled from Paris as well and had to move to Brussels. In Brussels Marx worked further on his concept of Communism and gave the materialist conception of history. He later wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 and the industrial revolution broke out in Europe at the same time. Marx witnessed firsthand, the sufferings of workers all around Europe. Marx moved to Paris again in 1848 but was soon forced to move to London. In London Marx wrote his most famous book à ¢â‚¬Å"Das Kapital†. Marx had 7 children, only 3 survived past childhood. Marx passed away quietly in his armchair on 14th March 1883. (Encyclopedia of World Biography) Contribution to Ethical Philosophy The major contribution that Karl Marx made to the study of ethics is his concept of Communism. Marx was a stark critic of the capitalist system and the concept of free trade and free markets. As mentioned above, Marx had witnessed firsthand, the sufferings of the labor class in England and the rest of Europe. Marx believed that the sufferings of the labor class were only symptoms of the extremes of inequality that Capitalism produces. Since the capitalist system offers only two sources of income: sale of one’

The Impact Of Budgetary Control On Job Performance In An Organisation Accounting Essay

The Impact Of Budgetary Control On Job Performance In An Organisation Accounting Essay The effectiveness of any budgetary system depends not only on the appropriateness of its technical characteristics to the particular organisation and environmental circumstances to which it is applied, but also on the way in which organisational participants make use of information that it promotes. It is a common place that budgetary system is often ignored, sometimes manipulated and even falsified by those whom it is provided to. Rosen and Sneck (1997) Lowe and Shaw (1968), Mintzerg (1995), and Yetton (1967) indicate that dysfunctional behaviour frequently stems from the fact that the budget information provided by the accounting system does not adequately match the complexity of the underlying organisation and economic events, but it is also evident that distortion of information can occur even when the budgetary system itself is technically adequate. Such distortion is a consequence of the divergence of individual goals from those of the organisation and most commonly manifests i tself in attempts to make budgetary reports reflect more favourably on an individuals contribution to the overall organisational performance. Budgetary control is very important in the management of an organisation because it helps in achieving organisational goals. Once the final budget is agreed to, it becomes a plan against which the actual cost, revenue and performance are periodically reviewed and compared with. Budgetary control is exercised by line management for control over cost through continuous appraisal of actual expenditures, using as a guide the planned costs as expressed in the budget. The principle is also applied to the various types of income and to items that affect the balance sheet, such as receivables inventories, cash, fixed assets, etc. Budgetary control is the preparation of targets or budgets for agreed areas of business. An area may be a functional management area e.g. sales, purchases or production it may be an agreed cost centre area, e.g. machinery assembly, planning which may consist of a machine, group of machines or a group of employees. Budgetary control, as such, controls nothing. Management has a control yardstick and when the actual results are compared with the budget figure management should be prompted into action. The information can assist in controlling operations and improving decision making budgetary control of it will control nothing. Budgetary control systems based upon financial measures are widely used in economic organisations. The principal designs for assigning financial responsibility in an organisation can be classified as follows: standard cost centre, revenue centre, discretionary expenses centre, profits centre and investment centre (Vanal, 1973). The order of this classification is from narrowest to broadest in terms of the decision making discretion permitted or required of the manager. Budgets are financial plans and provide a basis for directing and evaluating the performance of individuals or segments of organisations. Through a budget, activities of different parts of an organisation can be coordinated and controlled. A control system typically incorporates measures and techniques which conform to the responsibilities delegated to managers under the organisations structure. As the decision making authority is decentralised and parts of an organisation become more autonomous, managers will be responsible for more financial variables and financial control systems will be more complex in the sense that they will incorporate more variables. Budgets are potential means of influencing behaviour control is the successful exercise of power to influence behaviour available to an organisation. Two other primary means to influence behaviour are interpersonal contact i.e. leadership, and organisational structure i.e. the distribution of authority and work roles. This study focuses specifically on the relationship between formal properties of organisational structures and budgetary control. This is in contrast to other studies of budgeting which examined the relationship between interpersonal variables and budgetary control (Decoster and Fertakis, 1968, Foran and Decoster, 1974, Hopwood, 1974, Swieringa and Moncur, 1972 and 1975). Budgets in the organisation serve multiple roles of planning, evaluation, coordination, communication, and decision making. Participants in budgeting are another important issue because it reflects the degree of consensus, an important aspect of management style. Budgets require management to specify expected sales, cash inflows and outflows, and costs, and they provide a mechanism for effective planning and control in organisation (Flamholtz, 1983). The budget is a standard against which the actual performance can be compared and measured. Budgets are financial blueprints that qualify an organisations plan for a future period. Therefore, for the resources of the organisation to be effectively utilised, and for the objectives of such organisation to be achieved, the executive need to fully understand the importance of budgetary control. Research Questions What impact has budgetary control on job performance? Do budgetary decisions determine the future destiny of the organisation? In which specific ways does planning and control affect the organisation? What is the type of budgetary control used on the application? Do budgets represent an important part of the organisational motivation system? Rational To identify the planning and control system of the organisation. To examine the existing budgetary control system that affects organisation job performance. To outline the areas of budgetary control that requires further studies and problems encountered in carrying out such controls. To find out causes of workers per attitudes and how moral the budgetary system. To offer relevant recommendation that can help gear job performance in an organisation. Methodology The research design to be used in the collection of data would be primary and secondary source. The primary source would include personal experience, observation while the secondary source is the literature survey through the use of scholarly journals and relevant texts. The methods of data collection would be a self administered questionnaire. Limitations The study would be impeded by some inevitable circumstances like labour, transportation, as well as logistical problems in the process of data collection. Another limitation would be that the sample was therefore not strictly random or to convince the respondents to fill the questionnaire without delay. Definition of terms Budgetary control: it emphasizes the control of plans by comparing actual results to identify variances upon which corrective actions can take place. Budget: is a financial qualitative statement prepared and approved before a defined period of time for the purpose of attaining given objectives. Budget: the budget is a plan or target in qualities and/or money value prepared for a future period of time. Performance: is the assessment of individuals potential for future promotion. Organisation: Schein (1983) defines an organisation as the planned coordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some common, explicit purpose or goal, through division of labour and function and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility. Organisation: Robbins (1990) defines an organisation as a consciously coordinated social entity with a relatively identifiable boundary that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. Significance of study It is the aim of the study to have considerable significance in: exposing the real impact of budgetary control on job performance making significant recommendations to improve the budgetary system of the organisation inducing the leadership of the organisation to set up constructive budgetary programme to alleviate redundancy organisation cannot survive in isolation without individual supporting the effectiveness of the budget. Statement of Hypothesis The researcher formulated three hypotheses for this study. This is to determine whether the result of the research would accept or reject the hypothesis in question. Hypothesis one H0: Budgetary control is not significantly related to total organisational performance H1: Budgetary control is significantly related to total organisational performance. Variables involved are: Budgetary control Total organisational performance Hypothesis two H0: Budgetary control does not significantly and communication among top and lower management. H1: Budgetary control significantly and communication among top and lower management. Variables involved are: Budgetary control Avenue for communication Hypothesis three H0: Budgetary control does not significantly improve proper planning and control of operations in organisations. H1: Budgetary control has significantly improved proper planning and control of operations in organisations. Variables involved are: Budgetary control Improved proper planning and control Scope of study This study pays particular attention to the human aspect of budgeting which is the most complex, dynamic and unpredictable factors in the organisation This study will also learn stakeholders about the use of budgetary control as a means of effective organisational control and to make decisions that will improve the overall job performance of the company. Definition of the problem The coordination of efforts and activities of individuals in an organisation is to achieve the desired aims and objectives of that organisation has long been one of management most important, difficult and controversial problem. Organisations are established to achieve a set of defined goals, when an organisation is set up, the authority which established it also assigned certain budgetary functions. For those functions and objectives to be carried out the organisation has to carry its employees along. The following may pose problems: Which budgetary control system is in place and how effective has this helped the management in making decision? How has budgetary control helped in the application principles of: Planning and control Job performance Will budgetary control furnish a standard to management? for ascertaining the performance of different parts of the organisation? Historical Background of Budgetary Control? and Motivation. Budgetary participants relates to the involvement of managers in the budgetary process and their influence over setting of budgetary targets (Shields and Young 1993) the argument that managers participation in budget setting affects job related outcomes such as performance is premised on two explanations. First, models based on psychological theories suggest that participation is related to performance through identification and ego involvement with the budget goals (Murray 1990). This in turn leads to enhanced motivation and commitment to budget (Vroom, 1964, Brownell and Mclnnes, 1986). Second, from a cognitive perspective, participation is seen to improve the flow of information between superior and subordinates, leading to higher quality decisions (Lock and Schweiger, 1979, Shields and Young, 1993). Similarly, participation may promote better performance through facilitation of learning and knowledge acquisition (Parker and Wall 1998). There is evidence, however, that BP is not a lways beneficial. Previous studies have found that a variety of factors including perceived environment uncertainty (Gul 1991), job difficulty (Mia 1989), organisational structure (Gul, Tsui, Fong and kwok 1995) and budget emphasis in performance evaluation (Brownell 1982) may motivate the relationship between Budget Participation and managerial job related outcomes. For instance, Gul et al. (1995) found budgetary participation to be negatively related to managerial performance in less decentralised, (i.e. more hierarchical) situations. The role organisational culture perceptions, however has attracted only limited research attention. The importance of these perceptions was underlined in a three case analysis undertaken by Flamholtz (1983). Flamholtz (1983:168) concluded that if a firms culture and its core control system are not synchronized, it is not likely that even a well integrated core control system will actually influence behaviour in its intended ways. More specifically, managers in one of Flamholtzs (1983) cases described their organisational culture as being highly rules oriented and tradition bound and therefore felt that budgetary participation was only Pseudo. Therefore, when a zero budget cuts.

Kent State Essay -- National Guard History Kent State Essays

Kent State In 1970 the nation was in its highest state of controversy. The generation gap that had begun to form in the sixties was now more of a ravine. The youth of America was finally standing up and raising their voices in protest against all the problems that plagued the country they would have control of in years to come. There were many events that helped in feeding the flame in the hearts of Americans. One such event was the Kent State University incident. It is an event that touched the nation and made such a profound mark, and yet it only lasted for thirteen seconds. In the thirteen seconds the Ohio National Guard, along with the rest of government by association, established themselves as the new enemy. All eyes were on them, scrutinizing their every move, pointing out every mistake they made. Interestingly enough, most don’t even really know exactly what went on in those thirteen seconds, but they knew that it left four students dead and nine injured at the hand of the Nation al Guard, so that was enough to strike the hearts on millions. Still today, twenty-nine years later, we still don’t really know what went on. Who fired the first shot, and were they provoked? Was it necessary for the National Guard to be present on this typically calm college campus in the first place? And why did it have to end in such tragedy? There are so many questions, and so many misconceptions about this incident, and like any controversial issue, there are always two sides to the story. Before choosing sides one must always look at the facts. The most important fact to know about the situation at Kent State University is that in the days before the shootings, the campus was anything but calm. It all began on Thursday, April 30,... ...nd nobody has been to this. In all of the books, magazine articles, and web pages dedicated to this subject, it is impossible to find an unbiased one. I have to admit that I did go into my research in favor of the students, but the more I read of the situation on campus in the days prior to the shooting, the more I found myself asking â€Å"How I would I have handled a situation like that if I had been a member of the Guard?† I can only conclude that there is no right answer to that. There are so many questions, and so many misconceptions about this incident, and like any controversial issue, there are always two sides to the story. Now that I have thoroughly studied both sides to the story, I still have no idea who I think was in the wrong. There are simply too many unanswerable wholes in the stories from both sides that now I can’t say I’m for or against either one.

Project Report on K.W.H. Meters

A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON K. W. H. METERS Prepared by :- Devesh Kumar, 303956 (3rd year) CONTENTS * Certificate * Acknowledgement * Introduction of training * Company Profile * Products of BENTEX * Quality Policy and processes of BENTEX * Electricity meter * Direct current (DC) * Alternating current (AC) * Unit of measurement * Others Unit of measurement * Types of meters 1. Electromechanical meters 2. Electronic meters * Communication * Solid – state design * Multiple tariff (variable rate) meters * Domestic usage * United kingdom Commercial usage * Appliance energy meters * In – home energy use display * Smart meters * Prepayment meters * Time of day metering * Power export metering * Ownership * Location * Customer drop and metering equation * Tempering and security * Self evaluation ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very thankful to Mr. A. K. shrivastava (GM/ SPD) for providing Me the opportunity to undergo the practical training in the Systems Production Division (SPD) of SKN Bentex Limited under the Supervision of Mr. S. C. Gupta (CM). They all guided me from ime to time and gave me dynamic ideas and suggestions by which I am able to complete my training successfully. I also want to thank all the visible and non-visible hands, which helped me to complete the practical training with great success. Introduction of training Training is a process of learning. Training is an organized procedure during which people learn knowledge and skill for the definite purpose. It is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure in which non-managerial personnel learn technical knowledge and skills for adefinite purpose.It refers to instruction in technical and mechanical  operations like operation of a machine. It is for a short duration and for a  specific job related purpose. Training is very difficult from education. Training is vocational where as education is general. Training is job-oriented whereas education is person-oriented. However, it is difficult in practice to differentiate between education and training because in many cases both of them occur  Ã‚  simultaneously. The two are complementary and both involve development  of talent and human potential. Generally, every level needs training.Training is not something that is done once to new employees; it needs to be done continuously. Importance of training †¢ Training leads to higher productivity. †¢ It leads to better quality of work. †¢   It leads to cost reduction. †¢ It leads to high motivation and morale of employees. †¢ The organizational climate gets improved. †¢Ã‚   It leads to self-satisfaction of the employees. †¢ Supervision gets reduced. †¢Ã‚   It leads to good cordial relation between employer and employee. †¢   It leads to development of new skills in the employees. Scope of summer trainingThis summer training programs are designed for the students to master their technical skills. this summer training should include the following objectives- * Correlate courses of study with the way industry or potential work place operates its business or work using technology. * work on implementing what has been learned in school or college. The engineering and professional courses including MCA, B. E. , B. TECH, BCA amongst other have undergraduates needing internship in fields of computer science, electrical and electronics, mechanical, civil, bio informatics, etc.The students for professional programs are required as a  part of courses to undergo a few weeks the individual's tastes by improving their experience and making them reach a  good enough company or workplace just in time. This training can result in learning of open source technology as a user of technology. That technology can be applied to improve the college infra-structure. The objective of training in Modern Office Practice is to  give a perspective about the organization and functioning of all the areas of ma nagement in an industrial unit. Company profileA journey that started 46years back at BENTEX – kelsons, today has reached new high in customer’s delight . During the Years ,it has achieved milestones one after the other and established its forte in Electrical Industry with widespread trust goodwill. Driven by the sheer passion , exceptional foresight and acumen, Bentex has become a name to reckon with the flawless performance of products like starters, meters, MCB's and switchgear etc. These Products are manufactured in state-of-the-art plant and passed through stringent quality control tests. Not to mention , Bentex products are rated among the best in industry.Little surprise that BENTEX – KELSONS products have crossed barriers to reach all corners of India and also Sri Lank, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Nepal etc. The Other Strength of the company is its vast presence through 750strong dealers network, which enables the company to meet demands of any magnitude. At BE NTEX – KELSONS , The relentless pursuit is to exceed all expectations of customers†¦. and that is indeed the inspiration behind its growth. Thriving on technology and innovation, we are an eminent manufacturer of premium quality precision components of plastic and rubber for tractors, automobile and engineering industry.We attribute our success to sharp business acumen and valuable experience of our work force. Durability, high precision, superior quality, consistent performance & smooth finish are the hallmark of our products. We have consistently increased our client base by meeting the client needs in terms of cost and performance goals. Our machine shop is equipped with fully automatic injection molding machines of gold coin, all plas and IHI make of various capacities. We have facilities for ultrasonic & hot plate welding having our own tool room with Electra spark erosion machine to make moulds in-house.We are O. E. M to many automobile, auto electrical, tractor an d other reputed manufacturers and wish to serve our clients by supplying custom molded rubber and plastic components of high precision and best quality. Name of CEO Mr. S. C. Gupta Year of Est. 1983 Primary Business Type Manufacturers & Exporters Products We Offer Impellers, Oil Seals, Plastic Automobile Components, Plastic Industrial Products, Plastic Tractor Parts, Rubber Bellows, Rubber Hose Pipes. Products of ‘BENTEX' Fly wheel * Reducton gear box * Pinion Stand| | | | | * Straightening machine * Mill stand * Gear coupling * Roll * Foundation rail * Pusher and ejector * V – belt pulley * Shearing machine * Rotary shear * Roller guide box and twist pipe * Bullet shearing * Pinch roll * Twisting machine * Gears * End cutting * Rotary shearing swivel * Universal couplings * Horizontal shearing Quality Policy / Processes â€Å"SKN-BENTEX† Group products are at the forefront of innovation in industrial and agricultural field for protection and control of Electric Motor.We are the pioneers and leaders in our field with latest international engineering products based on the world’s best technology since last four decades. â€Å"SKN-BENTEX † Group has a rich history of success, which has been achieved through dedication, teamwork and visionary thinking and sincere service of pride in result oriented performance. â€Å"SKN-BENTEX† Group has been continuously restructuring to set up state-of-the-art electrical products manufactured at their own plants under strict quality control standard.In this thrust , most of group companies adopted International Quality Standard and have been certified for ISO-9001 Certification and products are also available on ISI-Marked. The SKN-BENTEX Group of Companies engaged in wide range of products and has mainly three subgroups of electrical product range such as â€Å" SKN†, â€Å"SKN† Bentex Linger â€Å"BENTEX-Linger† with their separate products line and â€Å"SKN-BEN TEX † Group is a collection of smaller companies specialist in a specific range of products. Besides this â€Å"SKN-BENTEX † group engaged in the field of, LPG Home Appliances, LPG Regulators, Building Construction and Export Activities.The complete manufacturing operation, marketing and installation Services of the company are certified under ISO 9001: 2000. The company has Enunciated the following quality policy to meet customer needs and expectations Through supply of quality products and services. â€Å"BENTEX is committed to strive for leadership in the product marketed by the way of continuous improvements in the quality of its products and services and meeting the consumers needs in time and every time at a competitive Price.These shall be achieved through continuous upgrading of technology and process improvement by involving all the employees, vendors, dealers and customers†. â€Å"Quality is our basic business principle. † Fact chart :- Year of E stablishment 1983 Nature of Business Manufacturer, Exporter Number of Employees 51 to 100 People Major Markets Indian Subcontinent, East Asia, Middle East and South East Asia Quality objective :- * On time delivery of defect free products. Providing effective customer support. * Continual improvement of processes. * Improvement of infrastructure. * Development of human resources. Electricity meter An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. Periodic readings of electric meters establishes billing cycles and energy used during a cycle.In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. â€Å"Time of day† metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response shedding of loads during peak load periods. (analog electricity meter Typical North American domestic) (Typical North American domestic digital electricity meter) Direct current (DC)As commercial use of electric energy spread in the 1880s, it became increasingly important that an electric energy meter, similar to the then existing gas meters, was required to properly bill customers for the cost of energy, instead of billing for a fixed number of lamps per month. Many experimental types of meter were developed. Edison at first worked on a DC electromechanical meter with a direct reading register, but instead developed an electrochemical metering system, which used an electrolytic cell to totalize current consumption.At periodic intervals the plates were removed, weighed, and the customer billed. The electrochemical meter was labor-intensive to read and not well received by customers. In 1885 Ferranti offered a mercury motor meter with a register similar to gas meters; this had the advantage that the consumer could easily read the meter and verify consumption. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Dr Hermann Aaron, who patented it in 1883. Hugo Hurst of the British General Electric Company introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888.Meters had been used prior to this, but they measured the rate of energy consumption at that particular moment, i. e. the electric power. Aaron's meter recorded the total energy used over time, and showed it on a series of clock dials. In the USA, Elcho Thomson perfected his ‘recording wattmeter' in 1889. Alternating current (AC) The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian Bath's patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works at the Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induct ion kilowatt-hour meter was already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year.These were the first alternating-current watt meters, known by the name of Blathy-meters. The AC kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Blathy's original invention, Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless commentator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current.In 1894 Oliver Shallenberger of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation applied the induction principle previously used, only in AC ampere-hour meters to produce a watt-hour meter of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk whose rotational speed was made proportional to the power in the circuit. The Blathy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they are two-phase motor meter. Althoug h the induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design.Shallenberger fell ill and was unable to refine his initial large and heavy design, although he did also develop a polyphase version. Unit of measurement (Panel-mounted solid state electricity meter, connected to a 2 MVA electricity substation. Remote current and voltage sensors can be read and programmed remotely by modem and locally by infra-red. The circle with two dots is the infra-red port. Tamper-evident seals can be seen) Panel-mounted solid state electricity meter, connected to a 2 MVA electricity substation. Remote current and voltage sensors can be read and programmed remotely by modem and locally by infra-red.The circle with two dots is the infra-red port. Tamper-evident seals can be seen. The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour [kWh], which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI mega joule instead. Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter or half hour. Reactive owner is measured in â€Å"thousands of volt-ampere reactive-hours†, (kvarh). By convention, a â€Å"lagging† or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive power.A â€Å"leading†, or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power. Volt-amperes measures all power passed through a distribution network, including reactive and actual. This is equal to the product of root-mean-square volts and amperes. Distortion of the electric current by loads is measured in several ways. Power factor is the ratio of resistive (or real power) to volt-amperes. A capacitive load has a leading power factor, and an inductive load has a lagging power factor. A purely resistive load (such as a filament lamp, heater or kettle) exhibits a power f actor of 1.Current harmonics are a measure of distortion of the wave form. For example, electronic loads such as computer power supplies draw their current at the voltage peak to fill their internal storage elements. This can lead to a significant voltage drop near the supply voltage peak which shows as a flattening of the voltage waveform. This flattening causes odd harmonics which are not permissible if they exceed specific limits, as they are not only wasteful, but may interfere with the operation of other equipment. Harmonic emissions are mandated by law in EU and other countries to fall within specified limits.Other units of measurement In addition to metering based on the amount of energy used, other types of metering are available. Meters which measured the amount of charge (coulombs) used, known as ampere-hour meters, were used in the early days of electrification. These were dependent upon the supply voltage remaining constant for accurate measurement of energy usage, which was not a likely circumstance with most supplies. Some meters measured only the length of time for which charge flowed, with no measurement of the magnitude of voltage or current being made.These were only suited for constant-load applications. Neither type is likely to be used today. Types of meters Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc. ). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer.For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic. Electromechanical meters The most common typ e of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction watt-hour meter. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage.The voltage coil consumes a small and relatively constant amount of power, typically around 2 watts which is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small amount of power in proportion to the square of the current flowing through it, typically up to a couple of watts at full load, which is registered on the meter. The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil.This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a register mechanism which integrates the speed of the disc over time by counting revolutions, much like the odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energy used over a period of time.The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils. (Mechanism of electromechanical induction meter. 1 – Voltage coil – many turns of fine wire encased in plastic, connected in parallel with load. 2 – Current coil – three turns of thick wire, connected in series with load. 3 – Stator – concentrates and confines mag netic field. 4 – Aluminum rotor disc. 5 – rotor brake magnets. 6 – spindle with worm gear. 7 – display dials – note that the 1/10, 10 and 1000 dials rotate clockwise while the 1, 100 and 10000 dials rotate counter-clockwise)Three-phase electromechanical induction meter, metering 100 A 230/400 V supply. Horizontal aluminum rotor disc is visible in center of meter. The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit.With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism. The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by th e symbol which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7. 2 is commonly seen. Using the value of , one can determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If the time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution is , then the power in watts is . For example, if , as above, and one revolution took place in 14. seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on one by one. Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of the power company or by the customer. an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism.Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone, post or over the internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter. In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test. Three-phase electromechanical induction meter, metering 100 A 230/400 V supply. Horizontal aluminum rotor disc is visible in center of meter) Electronic meters Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and can also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used etc. The y can also support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and off-peak hours. Basic block diagram of an electronic energy meter) Communication Remote meter reading is a practical example of telemetry. It saves the cost of a human meter reader and the resulting mistakes, but it also allows more measurements, and remote provisioning. Many smart meters now include a switch to interrupt or restore service. Historically, rotating meters could report their power information remotely, using a pair of contact closures attached to a KYZ line. A KYZ interface is a kind of quadrature encoder. In a KYZ interface, the Y and Z wires are switch contacts, shorted to K for half of a rotor's circumference.To measure the rotor direction, the Z signal is offset by 90 degrees from the Y. When the rotor rotates in the opposite direction, showing export of power, the sequence reverses. The time between pulses measures the demand. The number of pulses is total power usage. KYZ outputs were historically attached to â€Å"totalize relays† feeding a â€Å"totalize† so that many meters could be read all at once in one place. KYZ outputs are also the classic way of attaching electric meters to programmable logic controllers, HVACs or other control systems.Some modern meters also supply a contact closure that warns when the meter detects a demand near a higher electricity tariff, to improve demand side management. Some meters have an open collector output that gives 32-100 ms pulses for a constant amount of used electrical energy. Usually 1000-10000 pulses per kWh. Output is limited to max 27 V DC and 27 mA DC. The output usually follows the DIN 43864 standard. Often, meters designed for semi-automated reading have a serial port on that communicates by infrared LED through the faceplate of the meter.In some apartment buildings, a similar protocol is used, but in a wired bus using a serial current loop to connect all the meters to a single plug. The plug is often near the mailboxes. In the European Union, the most common infrared and protocol is â€Å"FLAG†, a simplified subset of mode C of IEC 61107. In the U. S. and Canada, the favored infrared protocol is ANSI C12. 18. Some industrial meters use a protocol for programmable logic controllers (Modbus). One protocol proposed for this purpose is DLMS/COSEM which can operate over any medium, including serial ports.The data can be transmitted by Zigbee, Wi-Fi, telephone lines or over the power lines themselves. Some meters can be read over the internet. Other more modern protocols are also becoming widely used. Electronic meters now use low-power radio, GSM, GPRS, Bluetooth, IrDA, as well as RS-485 wired link. The meters can now store the entire usage profiles with time stamps and relay them at a click of a button. The demand readings stored with the profiles accurately indicate the load requirements of the customer.This load profile data is processed at the utilities for billing and planning purposes. AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) and RMR (Remote Meter Reading) describe various systems that allow meters to be checked without the need to send a meter reader out. An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line or radio to a central billing office. Automatic meter reading can be done with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) modems, one is attached to each meter and the other is placed at the central utility office. Solid-state designAs in the block diagram, the meter has a power supply, a metering engine, a processing and communication engine (i. e. a microcontroller), and other add-on modules such as RTC, LCD display, communication ports/modules and so on. The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage reference, samplers and quantizes followed by an ADC section to yield the digitized equivalents of all the inputs. These inputs are then processed using a Digital Signal Processo r to calculate the various metering parameters such as powers, energies etc.The largest source of long-term errors in the meter is drift in the preamp, followed by the precision of the voltage reference. Both of these vary with temperature as well, and vary wildly because most meters are outdoors. Characterizing and compensating for these is a major part of meter design. The processing and communication section has the responsibility of calculating the various derived quantities from the digital values generated by the metering engine. This also has the responsibility of communication using various protocols and interface with other add-on modules connected as slaves to it.RTC and other add-on modules are attached as slaves to the processing and communication section for various input/output functions. On a modern meter most if not all of this will be implemented inside the microprocessor, such as the Real Time Clock (RTC), LCD controller, temperature sensor, memory and analog to di gital converters. (Solid state electricity meter used in a home in the Netherlands) Multiple tariff (variable rate) meters Electricity retailers may wish to charge customers different tariffs at different times of the day to better reflect the costs of generation and transmission.Since it is typically not cost effective to store significant amounts of electricity during a period of low demand for use during a period of high demand, costs will vary significantly depending on the time of day. Low cost generation capacity (base load) such as nuclear can take many hours to start, meaning a surplus in times of low demand, whereas high cost but flexible generating capacity (such as gas turbines) must be kept available to respond at a moment's notice (spinning reserve) to peak demand, perhaps being used for a few minutes per day, which is very expensive.Some multiple tariff meters use different tariffs for different amounts of demand. These are usually industrial meters. Domestic usage Dom estic variable-rate meters generally permit two to three tariffs (â€Å"peak†, â€Å"off-peak† and â€Å"shoulder†) and in such installations a simple electromechanical time switch may be used. Historically, these have often been used in conjunction with electrical storage heaters or hot water storage systems. Multiple tariffs are made easier by time of use (TOU) meters which incorporate or are connected to a time switch and which have multiple registers.Switching between the tariffs may happen via a radio-activated switch rather than a time switch to prevent tampering with a sealed time switch to obtain cheaper electricity. United Kingdom Radio-activated switching is common in the UK, with a nightly data signal sent within the long wave carrier of BBC Radio 4, 198  kHz. The time of off-peak charging is usually seven hours between midnight and 7. 00am GMT, and this is designed to power storage heaters and immersion heaters. In the UK, such tariffs are branded Economy 7 or White Meter.The popularity of such tariffs has declined in recent years, at least in the domestic market, due to the (perceived or real) deficiencies of storage heaters and the comparatively low cost of natural gas. An â€Å"Economy 10† meter is also available, giving five hours of heating overnight, with boosts in mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Most meters using Economy 7 switch the entire electricity supply to the cheaper rate during the 7 hour night time period, not just the storage heater circuit. The downside of this is that he daytime rate will be significantly higher, and standing charges may be a little higher too. For instance, normal rate electricity may be 9p per kWh, whereas Economy 7's daytime rate might be 14 to 17 p per kWh, but only 5. 43p per kWh at night. Timer switches installed on washing machines, tumble dryers, dishwashers and immersion heaters may be set so that they switch on only when the rate is lower. (Economy 7 Meter and Teleswitcher) Commercial usage Large commercial and industrial premises may use electronic meters which record power usage in blocks of half an hour or less.This is because most electricity grids have demand surges throughout the day, and the power company may wish to give price incentives to large customers to reduce demand at these times. These demand surges often correspond to meal times or, famously, to advertisements in popular television programmers. Appliance energy meters Plug in electricity meters (or â€Å"Plug load† meters) measure energy used by individual appliances. There are a variety of models available on the market today but they all work on the same basic principle.The meter is plugged into an outlet, and the appliance to be measured is plugged into the meter. Such meters can help in energy conservation by identifying major energy users, or devices that consume excessive standby power. A power meter can often be borrowed from the local power authorities or a local public library. In-home energy use displays A potentially powerful means to reduce household energy consumption is to provide convenient real-time feedback to users so they can change their energy using behavior. Recently, low-cost energy feedback displays have become available.A study using a consumer-readable meter in 500 Ontario homes by Hydro One showed an average 6. 5% drop in total electricity use when compared with a similarly sized control group. Hydro One subsequently offered free power monitors to 30,000 customers based on the success of the pilot. Projects such as Google Power Meter, take information from a smart meter and make it more readily available to users to help encourage conservation. Smart meters Smart meters go a step further than simple AMR (automatic meter reading).They offer additional functionality including a real-time or near real-time reads, power outage notification, and power quality monitoring. They allow price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season. These price differences can be used to reduce peaks in demand (load shifting or peak lopping), reducing the need for additional power plants and in particular the higher polluting and costly to operate natural gas powered piker plants. The feedback they provide to consumers has also been shown to cut overall energy consumption.Another type of smart meter uses nonintrusive load monitoring to automatically determine the number and type of appliances in a residence, how much energy each uses and when. This meter is used by electric utilities to do surveys of energy use. It eliminates the need to put timers on all of the appliances in a house to determine how much energy each uses. Prepayment meters The standard business model of electricity retailing involves the electricity company billing the customer for the amount of energy used in the previous month or quarter.In some countries, if the retailer believes that the customer ma y not pay the bill, a prepayment meter may be installed. This requires the customer to make advance payment before electricity can be used. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is cut off by a relay. (Prepayment meter and magnetic stripe tokens, from a rented accommodation in the UK. The button labeled A displays information and statistics such as current tariff and remaining credit. The button labeled B activates a small amount of emergency credit should the customer run out)In the UK, mechanical prepayment meters used to be common in rented accommodation. Disadvantages of these included the need for regular visits to remove cash, and risk of theft of the cash in the meter. Modern solid-state electricity meters, in conjunction with smart cards, have removed these disadvantages and such meters are commonly used for customers considered to be a poor credit risk. In the UK, one system is the Pay Point network, In some cases, prepayment meters have not be en accepted by customers.There are various groups, such as the Standard Transfer Specification (STS) association, which promote common standards for prepayment metering systems across manufacturers. where rechargeable tokens (Quantum cards for natural gas, or plastic â€Å"keys† for electricity) can be loaded with whatever money the customer has available. Recently smartcards are introduced as much reliable tokens that allows two way data exchange between meter and the utility. (A prepayment key) In South Africa, Sudan and Northern Ireland prepaid meters are recharged by entering a unique, encoded twenty digit number using a keypad.This makes the tokens, essentially a slip of paper, very cheap to produce. Around the world, experiments are going on, especially in developing countries, to test pre-payment systems. In some cases, prepayment meters have not been accepted by customers. There are various groups, such as the Standard Transfer Specification (STS) association, which p romote common standards for prepayment metering systems across manufacturers. Prepaid meters using the STS standard are used in many countries. Time of day meteringTime of Day metering (TOD), also known as Time of Usage (TOU) or Seasonal Time of Day (SToD), metering involves dividing the day, month and year into tariff slots and with higher rates at peak load periods and low tariff rates at off-peak load periods. While this can be used to automatically control usage on the part of the customer (resulting in automatic load control), it is often simply the customers responsibility to control his own usage, or pay accordingly (voluntary load control). This also allows the utilities to plan their transmission infrastructure appropriately.See also Demand-side Management (DSM). TOD metering normally splits rates into an arrangement of multiple segments including on-peak, off-peak, mid-peak or shoulder, and critical peak. A typical arrangement is a peak occurring during the day (non-holida y days only), such as from 1 pm to 9 pm Monday through Friday during the summer and from 6:30 am to 12 noon and 5 pm to 9 pm during the winter. More complex arrangements include the use of critical peaks which occur during high demand periods. The times of peak demand/cost will vary in different markets around the world.Large commercial users can purchase power by the hour using either forecast pricing or real time pricing. Prices range from we pay you to take it (negative) to $1000/MWh (100 cents/kWh). Some utilities allow residential customers to pay hourly rates, such as Illinois, which uses day ahead pricing. Power export metering Many electricity customers are installing their own electricity generating equipment, whether for reasons of economy, redundancy or environmental reasons. When a customer is generating more electricity than required for his own use, the surplus may be exported back to the power grid.Customers that generate back into the â€Å"grid† usually must have special equipment and safety devices to protect the grid components (as well as the customer's own) in case of faults (electrical short circuits) or maintenance of the grid (say voltage potential on a downed line going into an exporting customers facility). This exported energy may be accounted for in the simplest case by the meter running backwards during periods of net export, thus reducing the customer's recorded energy usage by the amount exported.This in effect results in the customer being paid for his/her exports at the full retail price of electricity. Unless equipped with a detent or equivalent, a standard meter will accurately record power flow in each direction by simply running backwards when power is exported. Such meters are no longer legal in the UK, but instead a meter capable of separately measuring imported and exported energy is required. Where allowed by law, utilities maintain a profitable margin between the price of energy delivered to the consumer and the rate credited for consumer-generated energy that flows back to the grid.Lately, upload sources typically originate from renewable sources (e. g. , wind turbines, photovoltaic cells), or gas or steam turbines, which are often found in cogeneration systems. Another potential upload source that has been proposed is plug-in hybrid car batteries (vehicle-to-grid power systems). This requires a â€Å"smart grid,† which includes meters that measure electricity via communication networks that require remote control and give customers timing and pricing options.Vehicle-to-grid systems could be installed at workplace parking lots and garages and at park and rides and could help drivers charge their batteries at home at night when off-peak power prices are cheaper, and receive bill crediting for selling excess electricity back to the grid during high-demand hours. Ownership Following the deregulation of electricity supply markets in many countries (e. g. , UK), the company responsible for an electricity meter may not be obvious.Depending on the arrangements in place, the meter may be the property of the meter Operator, electricity distributor, the retailer or for some large users of electricity the meter may belong to the customer. The company responsible for reading the meter may not always be the company which owns it. Meter reading is now sometimes subcontracted and in some areas the same person may read gas, water and electricity meters at the same time. Location The location of an electricity meter varies with each installation. Possible locations include on a utility pole serving the property, in a street-side abinet (meter box) or inside the premises adjacent to the consumer unit / distribution board. Electricity companies may prefer external locations as the meter can be read without gaining access to the premises but external meters may be more prone to vandalism. (Current transformers used as part of metering equipment for three-phase 400 A electricity supply. The fourth neutral wire does not require a current transformer because current cannot flow in this wire without also flowing in one of the three phase wires) Current transformers permit the meter to be located remotely from the current-carrying conductors.This is common in large installations. For example a substation serving a single large customer may have metering equipment installed in a cabinet, without bringing heavy cables into the cabinet. Customer drop and metering equation Since electrical standards vary in different regions, â€Å"customer drops† from the grid to the customer also vary depending on the standards and the type of installation. There are several common types of connections between a grid and a customer. Each type has a different metering equation. Customer supplies may be single-phase or three-phase.In the United States and Canada, three-wire single phase is common for residential and small commercial customers. Three phase supplies may be thr ee wire, or four wire (with a system neutral). Blondel's theorem states that for any system with N current-carrying conductors, that N-1 measuring elements are sufficient to measure electrical energy. This indicates that different metering is needed, for example, for a three-phase three-wire system than for a three-phase four-wire (with neutral) system. In North America, it is common for electricity meters to plug into a standardized socket outdoors, on the side of a building.This allows the meter to be replaced without disturbing the wires to the socket, or the occupant of the building. Some sockets may have a bypass while the meter is removed for service. The amount of electricity used without being recorded during this small time is considered insignificant when compared to the inconvenience which might be caused to the customer by cutting off the electricity supply. Most electronic meters in North America use a serial protocol. In many other countries the supply and load termina ls are in the meter housing itself. Cables are connected directly to the meter.In some areas the meter is outside, often on a utility pole. In others, it is inside the building in a niche. If inside, it may share a data connection with other meters. If it exists, the shared connection is often a small plug near the post box. The connection is often EIA-485 or infra-red with a serial protocol such as IEC 62056. In 2010, networking to meters is rapidly changing. The most common schemes seem to combine an existing national standard for data (e. g. ANSI C12. 19 or IEC 62056) operating via the internet protocol with a small circuit board that does either power line communication, or ties to a digital mobile phone network. A commercial power meter) Tampering and security Meters can be manipulated to make them under-register, effectively allowing power use without paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous as well as dishonest. Power companies often install remote-reporting meters specifically to enable remote detection of tampering, and specifically to discover energy theft. The change to smart power meters is useful to stop energy theft. When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the USA, is to switch the subscriber to a â€Å"tampering† tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current.At US$ 0. 095/kWh, a standard residential 50  A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about US$ 5,000. 00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude mechanical meters, the maximum rate may be charged each billing period until the tamper is removed, or the service is disconnected. A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer.Rectified DC loads cause mechanica l (but not electronic) meters to under-register. DC current does not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk, so this causes reduced rotation and a lower bill. Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can interact with the coils and mass of a rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion. The owner of the meter normally secures the meter against tampering. Revenue meters' mechanisms and connections are sealed. Meters may also measure VAR-hours (the reflected load), neutral and DC currents (elevated by most electrical tampering), ambient magnetic fields, etc.Even simple mechanical meters can have mechanical flags that are dropped by magnetic tampering or large DC currents. Newer computerized meters usually have counter-measures against tampering. AMR (Automated Meter Reading) meters often have sensors that can report opening of the meter cover, magnetic anomalies, extra clock setting, glued buttons, A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer.When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the USA, is to switch the subscriber to a â€Å"tampering† tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current. At US$ 0. 095/kWh, a standard residential 50  A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about US$ 5,000. 00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude. inverted installation, reversed or switched phases etc. (A Duke Energy technician removes the tamper-proof seal from a electricity meter at a residence in Durham, north Carolina)Some tampers bypass the meter, wholly or in part. Safe tampers of this type normally increase the neutral current at the meter. Most split-phase residential meters in the United States are unable to detect neutral curr ents. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect and bill it at standard rates. Disconnecting a meter's neutral connector is unsafe because shorts can then pass through people or equipment rather than a metallic ground to the generator. A phantom loop connection via an earth ground is often much higher resistance than the metallic neutral connector. Even in hese cases, metering at the substation can alert the operator to tampering. Substations, interties and transformers normally have a high-accuracy meter for the area served. Power companies normally investigate discrepancies between the total billed and the total generated, in order to find and fix power distribution problems. These investigations are an effective method to discover tampering. In North America power thefts are often connected with indoor marijuana grow operations. Narcotics detectives associate abnormally high power usage with the lighting such operations require.Indoor marijuana growers aware of this are particularly motivated to steal electricity simply to conceal their usage of it. Self evaluation This 42 days Industrial Training has led me to understand the various designing, assembling and the manufacturing processes of equipments in the industry, BENTEX. It has also enhanced my knowledge about the functioning and management of an industry, which I am sure, will be beneficial to me in my career. Regards, Name – Devesh Kumar Roll no. – 303956 Branch – Digital electronics (3rd year) Institute – C. R. R. I. T.

Quality management Essay

Dialogue 2: Identify two (2) thought leaders relative to quality management. Research each to determine their core ideas and contributions. Synthesize your thoughts about each into a one paragraph (per leader) that contains important and meaningful statements about each thought leader, their contributions, and the relevance of the contribution today regarding the work of project managers. Joseph M. Juran Dr. Juran devoted 70 years to his books, thoughts, and life work revolutionizing the philosophy of total quality management. His developed quality management ideas work around the quality trilogy of Quality Planning, Quality Improvement, and Quality Control. Through the Juran Institute, Dr. Juran has maintained the capability to continually broaden the experiential learning of economist, scientist, and engineers around his work. Dr. Juran’s teachings and guidance focus efforts on the customer and their needs, optimizes the product for those individuals, optimizes the processes involved, and ensures that the process will actually produce the product. Dr. Juran understood that the human component (the customer, the manager, the scientist, the engineer) was an integral piece of the quality process. His lessons contributed to the rise of the Japanese economy after his hands on workings with the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers. The push of information today has allowed th ese theories to flourish. Customer satisfaction is an ever pressing position for large and small businesses. Today’s managers would be hard pressed to understand the human factor, if individuals like Dr. Juran did not lay the ground work to focus efforts on the human factors. Genichi Taguchi Taguchi was a Japanese Textile Engineer that understood the processes and influences of small and large businesses. He realized there were variables within management’s control and others that we not. His major contributions/theories were the following: The Loss Function- an equation to quantify the decline of a customer’s perceived value of a product, as the quality declines; Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs- tools to identify and isolate the items concerned when dealing with effective costs and time; Robustness- the identified course of developing products and processes that perform uniformly regardless of the uncontrollable forces.

Free Essays on Frederick Douglass’ Status Elevation Through Disassociation From Slavery

Frederick Douglass states he found himself regretting his own existence. Douglass is humiliated by his slavery status, and attempts to elevate himself in other’s eyes. Douglass writes about slavery from a third person point of view, free of personal accounts. Douglas attains an education; something very uncommon for slaves. He affirms his father is a white man, while not having any true confirmation in writing. Altering his name from Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to Frederick Douglass changes his identity and removes his â€Å"slave† identity. Douglass’s narrative takes on a modest tone about his classification as a slave as he struggles to pursue an elevated status in society. Douglass’ recount is written in the third person point of view, removing him from the condition of slavery. He removes himself so easily because in writing the narrative, he is no longer a slave. However, consciously or subconsciously, Douglass displays his elevated status by writing and through his recognition as an autobiographer. Referring to the slaves’ feelings about the Great House Farm, and not his own elevates his position and disassociates himself from slavery in the reader’s mind. â€Å"The slaves selected to go to the Great House Farm, for the monthly allowance for themselves and their fellow-slaves, were peculiarly enthusiastic (Douglass 270).† Although Douglass writes in third person often, he chooses the narrative voice when he retells about his education, allowing him to become a freed slave. Education for Douglass was attainable due to Mrs. Auld, the white boys, and his own perseverance. Because Mrs. Auld was the first teacher Douglass had, reading gave Douglass the ability to learn about possibilities and gain a desire to improve his condition. Closer to his age, the white boys helped him learn to read, and instilled within him a need to become equal with them. â€Å"Have not I as good a right to be free as you have (Do... Free Essays on Frederick Douglass’ Status Elevation Through Disassociation From Slavery Free Essays on Frederick Douglass’ Status Elevation Through Disassociation From Slavery Frederick Douglass states he found himself regretting his own existence. Douglass is humiliated by his slavery status, and attempts to elevate himself in other’s eyes. Douglass writes about slavery from a third person point of view, free of personal accounts. Douglas attains an education; something very uncommon for slaves. He affirms his father is a white man, while not having any true confirmation in writing. Altering his name from Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to Frederick Douglass changes his identity and removes his â€Å"slave† identity. Douglass’s narrative takes on a modest tone about his classification as a slave as he struggles to pursue an elevated status in society. Douglass’ recount is written in the third person point of view, removing him from the condition of slavery. He removes himself so easily because in writing the narrative, he is no longer a slave. However, consciously or subconsciously, Douglass displays his elevated status by writing and through his recognition as an autobiographer. Referring to the slaves’ feelings about the Great House Farm, and not his own elevates his position and disassociates himself from slavery in the reader’s mind. â€Å"The slaves selected to go to the Great House Farm, for the monthly allowance for themselves and their fellow-slaves, were peculiarly enthusiastic (Douglass 270).† Although Douglass writes in third person often, he chooses the narrative voice when he retells about his education, allowing him to become a freed slave. Education for Douglass was attainable due to Mrs. Auld, the white boys, and his own perseverance. Because Mrs. Auld was the first teacher Douglass had, reading gave Douglass the ability to learn about possibilities and gain a desire to improve his condition. Closer to his age, the white boys helped him learn to read, and instilled within him a need to become equal with them. â€Å"Have not I as good a right to be free as you have (Do...

How to Prepare for Pre-Med in High School

How to Prepare for Pre-Med in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a high school student with dreams of studying pre-med in college and becoming a doctor? Maybe you’ve heard how difficult it can be to get into med school and are trying to plan ahead in order to raise your chances of acceptance? Well, you’ve come to the right place! This guide will go over everything you can do in high school to make yourself more prepared to begin a pre-med program in college. I’ll go over the classes you should be taking, the extracurriculars you should be participating in, and what you need to be thinking about as a high school student. Feature Image Source: Flickr/ Ilmicrofono oggiono The Importance of Having a Game Plan Preparing for pre-med also means looking ahead to med school as well. In high school, you should be setting yourself up to succeed as a pre-med college student so that you can present your strongest application to med schools down the line. You likely know that, unless you’re applying for a BS/MD or BA/MD program, you don’t start med school until after you graduate college, when you’re about 22 years old. That’s years away! Why do you need to be thinking about med school now? The reason is that getting accepted into med school is notoriously competitive, and med schools will be looking for candidates with an obvious commitment to medicine. Think about it: if you needed to have an operation or a broken bone set or an illness diagnosed, you’d want someone who really cared about medicine, learned all they could about the subject, and were dedicated to their work, right? Not someone who became a doctor because they couldn’t think of a better job. Similarly, med schools also want to accept people who are passionate about medicine. So, while it’s not required to start planning for med school while in high school, starting pre-med off on the right foot and being able to show med schools that your interest in and commitment to medicine was obvious even back in high school will go a long way in showing them that this is a career you’re genuinely interested in and excited about. You want to be well prepared for pre-med by the time you start college and have already begun to gain the knowledge and skills necessary for being a great doctor. In the following sections, I’ll go over exactly how to do this! Skills and Knowledge You Need to Prepare for Pre-Med Again, being a great pre-med student means that, when the time comes to apply, you’ll be impressive to med schools and able to show them that you’re an ideal candidate. So, in high school, you’ll want to be thinking about how to be both a strong med school candidate as well as a strong pre-med candidate. What exactly do med schools look for in applicants? The best way to figure this out is to look directly at what med schools are saying. Here’s a sample of what three med schools are looking for in candidates. Their responses are similar to the majority of med schools across the country. NYU School of Medicine states that they take into account "excellence in coursework at the college level; capabilities as judged by college instructors and premedical committees; the results of the Medical College Admissions Test; and the results of an interview at the School." Additionally, they recommend courses in English, Biology, Chemistry (organic and inorganic), Physics, Biochemistry, and Genetics. The University of Michigan Medical School "holistically evaluates candidates for admission across a range of attributes necessary for successful development into a compassionate, skilled physician serving the needs of a diverse and changing population. These attributes include: Academic excellence Altruism Written and verbal communication Desire to learn Integrity and ethics Leadership Reliability and dependability Resilience and adaptability Social/interpersonal skills and teamwork" Stanford University School of Medicine states that, "Desirable candidates for admissions are academically ready to succeed in our curriculum, have life experiences that will enrich our learning environment, and have personal qualities that will serve them, their colleagues and their patients well in their professional lives." Now, obviously, some of those things, like MCAT scores and extensive college coursework you can’t really complete as a high school student. However, there’s still a lot you can start working on. As a high school student preparing for pre-med and eventually med school, you will want to focus primarily on three things: Preparing yourself for college classes Gaining experience relevant to med school Demonstrating personal qualities desirable in med school students and doctors Working on each of these three areas in high school will make it easier for you to succeed in college and impress med school admissions committees when it comes time to apply. Read on to learn how to accomplish each of these things! Using Your Classes to Prepare for Pre-Med Med schools won’t look at your high school grades when they review your application (although some allow AP credits earned in high school to cover certain entrance requirements), but colleges definitely will, so you shouldn’t slack off in high school. Doing well in your high school classes is important because, not only will it help you get accepted to your top colleges and their pre-med programs, it will also help give you the discipline and knowledge necessary to do well in college, when your grades really do matter for med school. If you have a pattern of getting high grades in high school, that will make it much easier to get high grades in college! Let’s look more specifically at the areas you should be focusing on. Science Classes In pre-med and med school, you’ll definitely be taking a lot of science classes, so it’s important to have a strong foundation in this subject by the time you enter college. Doing so will likely allow you to take more advanced science classes in college and get higher grades since you’re starting with solid background knowledge. If your school offers them, taking AP Biology and/or AP Chemistry are two of the best classes you can take to help you be prepared, since you’ll be taking multiple biology and chemistry classes in college. AP Physics is also useful since pretty much all med schools have a physics requirement as well. The MCAT also has numerous questions in each of these three subjects, so getting a firm foundation on them early on will help you when it comes time to study for that exam in college. Keep your notes from these classes, as well as any finals or comprehensive exams you took in them. They may come in handy later on if you need to quickly review basic information on a subject. Also, pay particular attention during labs. It can be tempting to zone out and let your lab partners take over every now and then, but lab work is something you’ll be doing throughout college and med school (and sometimes beyond), so it’s critical that you understand how to set up, run, and analyze an experiment. Additionally, the MCAT has a question type, called Research Design, that specifically tests your knowledge of research projects. If you have room in your schedule for science electives, see if your school offers any classes in biochemistry, human physiology, or a related class. Math Classes In addition to science, math is the other subject you should be focusing on in high school if you want to be pre-med. Like science, take advanced math classes, and the higher the level (i.e. AP Calculus BC over AB), the better. You’ll be taking multiple math classes as a pre-med, and, as your science classes become more advanced, they’ll begin to incorporate more higher-level math as well. Pre-med students often have rigorous course schedules, so you don’t want to fall behind or get overwhelmed because your math skills aren’t where they should be. The best classes to take to be prepared are pre-calculus and calculus, but if those aren’t offered, or you have extra room in your schedule, a statistics class will also be useful to take since statistics is used in many areas of medicine. In your math classes, pay particular attention to how to analyze graphs and data tables, since these topics will be specifically tested on the MCAT in its Graphical Analysis and Data questions, and you will often be asked to interpret visual data like these in your future classes. Taking challenging math classes can help prepare you for college pre-med classes and beyond. Other Subjects Even though math and science are the two most important subjects to focus on to prepare yourself for pre-med, you shouldn’t let your other classes suffer. Aim for solid, if not spectacular, grades across the board in your other subjects. In particular, you should also work to do well in your English classes. Strong writing and communication skills are important for both college and med school, and many med schools have an English requirement for their applicants. So, doing well in your high school English classes can only benefit you down the road. You may also want to consider social science classes in psychology and/or sociology. The MCAT has multiple questions on both of these subjects, and they can help you understand different areas of medicine better, even if you don’t specialize in psychology. This is because understanding why people behave the way they do and make the choices they do will help all doctors who work with patients and need to be understanding and supportive. Being an Exceptional Student For all of your courses, particularly your math and science classes, make sure you talk to your teacher if there is a concept you are struggling with. High school classes are usually much smaller than college classes, and you can use that additional one-on-one time to ask for help and clarification. This can be much more difficult to do in college because courses generally move at a faster pace, teachers are working with more students, and you’re often expected to come in with sufficient background knowledge. In order to do your best in your college classes, you want to minimize all the content gaps you have. So, if you don’t understand a particular chemistry lab or are baffled by your calculus homework, speak up! It’ll help you be more successful when you’re a pre-med student. Additionally, in your classes you should work to be a model student, not just through your grades but through the way you act as well. Make an effort to always complete work on time, encourage cooperation and teamwork when working in a group, and offer help when a teacher or classmate needs it. Most colleges require you to submit letters of recommendation from your teachers, and if a teacher can point to an instance where you helped a classmate who was struggling with homework or got your group to work together when people were disagreeing, that will make your application stand out much more than if they could only talk about your grades. Acting in a responsible, mature, and helpful way in high school will make it an easy pattern to follow by the time you start pre-med. Having strong letters of recommendation will help you get into your top pre-med schools of choice and will help you know what to expect when you need letters of rec for med school. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Using Your Extracurriculars to Prepare for Med School Your extracurriculars are also an important way to prepare for pre-med in college. Getting involved in extracurriculars that relate to medicine, or even just working directly with people, can help you decide if pre-med is really the best choice for you, and it’ll show schools that you’re serious about studying medicine. Additionally, if you do well in your extracurricular and impress your coaches or supervisors, they can help write you letters of recommendation when college admissions roll around. The best extracurricular to get involved in if you want to prepare for pre-med is volunteering at a hospital. This is because, even though you won’t be personally performing any medical work, it’ll give you the best idea of what being a doctor is like because you’ll be in a hospital, be working with patients, and be able to learn more about medicine by observing doctors and other medical professionals. As a college student, having hospital volunteering experience will give your med school applications a boost, and it will look even better if you began this work in high school. We have a complete guide to being a hospital volunteer which you should read through if you’re thinking about volunteering at a hospital. To get started, talk to your advisor or contact nearby hospitals to see if there are open volunteer positions. Other volunteer options include volunteering at a retirement home, homeless shelter, even a school. Basically any place where you interact regularly with people will help prepare you for working with patients. There are also clubs you can join that will help prepare you for pre-med, including science-related clubs like Science Olympiad or Science Fair that you can participate in. Over the summer, you may consider participating in a medical program specifically for high school students. These programs often take place at colleges or universities, and they give participants a chance to conduct research, observe doctors working, and/or learn how to conduct simple medical procedures. While they often have hefty price tags, they can be a great way to help decide if becoming a doctor is what you really want to do. Just like you are doing in your classes, strive to be a great member of whatever extracurriculars you choose to participate in. Take leadership opportunities whenever you can, whether that means gaining a leadership position in the club/activity, taking charge of a new event, or suggesting new ideas for the future. Additionally, be a team player whom people can trust to be on time, get their work done, and work well with others. Your coaches and supervisors are a great resource for letters of recommendation and, as with your classes, it’s never too early to show that you have the type of character a doctor needs and people who can attest to that. What If You Don't End Up Applying to Med School? So, what happens if things change and you decide that med school isn't for you? That's fine and actually very common. Most people who, at some point in their life, decide they want to be a doctor, end up changing their mind. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as discovering a different career that interests you more, learning you can't handle the sight of blood, or deciding that you don't want to be in school that long. Attending med school and working as a doctor requires a lot of long, hard hours, and, if you find yourself disliking the above activities or losing interest in the idea of med school, you absolutely should not become a doctor just out of fear of having wasted your time preparing for med school. Being a doctor when you love the profession is hard enough, and if you choose to become a doctor despite disliking the job, trust me, you'll be miserable. The good news is that, even if you follow all the above advice to the letter, you won't be behind your peers or at a disadvantage if you choose a completely different path than your original plan of med school. As I mention below, following the advice in this guide will help prepare you for any future major and career, perhaps with a slight math/science slant. That's because the steps you need to follow to prepare for med school - get good grades in a variety of subjects, obtain leadership experience, cultivate relationships with teachers and classmates - will serve you well in the future no matter what you end up majoring and what career you end up pursuing. Looking Ahead Now you know how preparing for pre-med in high school can help you be confident and successful when you begin college and eventually apply to med school. Taking higher-level classes, particularly in math and science, will help you be more prepared for your pre-med classes, the grades of which will be carefully scrutinized by med school admissions officers. Participating in extracurriculars related to the medical field will help you get skills you’ll use down the line and show med schools that you’re committed to being a doctor. All of that advice is useful no matter which med school you want to attend or what type of doctor you want to become. But, should you be doing more work in high school? Should you already be figuring out which med schools are your top choices and what you want your specialty to be so that you can tailor your classes and extracurriculars even more? The short answer is no. Trying to figure these things out so far ahead of time will only put added stress on you, and they won’t help you get accepted. Most pre-med students apply to over a dozen med schools, and, once you get into med school, many people don’t choose a specialty until their third year, after they've completed rotations and gotten a better sense of what different specialties are like. This means that no one is expecting you to have these things figured out as a high school student. Additionally, even if you are certain right now that you want to attend, say, John Hopkins for med school and become a pediatrician, there is a high chance that will end up changing your mind at some point in time, so trying to prepare exactly for that path can end up hindering you down the line. Instead of trying to have everything planned out, just follow the above steps which will help prepare you regardless of which med school and specialty you end up choosing. You can think about these things, but remember that you have plenty of time to keep your options open! What's Next? Curious about what classes you'll have to take in college for pre-med? Our article on the requirements for med school has you covered. Plus, check out our list of the seven books every pre-med student should read here. Wondering exactly which classes you should be taking in high school? We have guides that'll walk you through the math and science classes you should enroll in. You'll need top standardized test scores to get into the college of your choice. Read our guides, written by a perfect-scorer, on how to get a perfect score on the SAT and the ACT. Want a great extracurricular? Learn how to volunteer at a hospital and get a first-hand look at the work doctors do. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Meet vs. See - Learn the difference [English Grammar Lesson]

Meet vs. See - Learn the difference [English Grammar Lesson] Quick answer: Use MEET for the first time you see someone or when you are seeing them because you have plans or an appointment. Use SEE for all other situations. Consider this scenario: Sandra and I grew up together, but I hadn’t seen her in years. So, when she moved back to Boston, I suggested we get coffee and catch up. We met at my favorite cafà ©, and it was so nice to see each other! After hours of talking, we decided to get together again for a barbecueat her new house so I could meet her kids. Meet and See are two words that are often swapped, though not always correctly. They both can be used for spending time together, so it’s tricky to use the correct one. Let’s break down the paragraph above to look at how these words should be used. MEET is used to talk about the first time you see someone. After hours of talking, we decided to get together again for a barbecueat her new house so I could meet her kids. In the sentence above, the speaker has never met Sandra’s kids before, so this will be the first time she lays eyes on them. But, and this is where it gets confusing, MEET can be used when you make an appointment, have plans, or schedule something. So, when she moved back to Boston, I suggested we get coffee and catch up. We met at my favorite cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Other examples are: Let’s meet at 3 p.m. on Friday to discuss the project. The managers will meet at noon on the first Tuesday of the month to review progress. *The word meeting, so often used in business, comes from this second of use of meet, because a meeting is essentially a scheduled plan or appointment. SEE is used for spending time with someone when it is not the first time. Sandra and I grew up together, but I hadn’t seen her in years. †¦and it was so nice to see each other!

The Aging in the Workforce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Aging in the Workforce - Research Paper Example The examination of Kooji’s article could easily bring a clear view of the mistakes that the different social groups do to solve the age sociological problems. Moreover, as Anderson et al. present their view on the medical problems, we come to realize that the medical problems that the aged people experience have a close link to the economic problems. It is because of the health issues in the elderly individual that result to the economic conundrum in the American society. As a person becomes sick, he will seek medical attention. That would require money and in the process of treatments there is a social interaction that builds up among the patients, the old who may be sick and the probably young doctors in the hospital. More sick aged people who are also sickling will also mean there will be the recruitment of more doctors that is also an economic problem. In conclusion, the three aspects have a very close relationship, and the summary above elucidate on these vital similarities. The table examined the key ideas in the works of the scholars that wrote the journals. Anderson, L., Goodman, R., Holtzman, D., Posner, S., & Northridge, M. (2012). Aging in the United States: Opportunities and challenges for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(3), 393-395.

ED Clinical Pathways Improvement Evaluation in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal

ED Clinical Pathways Improvement Evaluation in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example t the medical field in equal measures as the field of information communication and technology, as it continually undertakes research studies and development in order to improve service delivery that is aimed at improving the quality of life of patients with chronic illnesses and shorten the healing process of patients with treatable diseases and injuries. One such example that demonstrates how practitioners in the medical field work towards improving their service delivery is the through the clinical pathways, which is described by Poirrier and Oberleitner (1999) as â€Å"one of the main tools that are normally used in the healthcare sector to manage the quality of service delivery through standardization of medical care procedure and/ or processes.† With reference to the writings by Sorensen and Iedema (2011), clinical pathways have been referred to as medical guidelines of which when there are implemented in healthcare set-ups they normally lead to a reduction in the level of variability in clinical practices and they are capable of improving the quality of health, and hence the outcomes on patients’ recovery process. Snyder and Gauthier (2008) wrote that considering these pathways are developed and agreed upon by medical practitioners it means that they are able to promote organized and efficient healthcare practices that are based on evidence and validated outcomes. Lastly, Howick (2011) wrote that clinical pathways have been lauded for the fact that they optimize the outcomes in home care settings and even in acute care. It is important to note that normally these clinical pathways normally undergo periodic improvements or updates which most of the time reflect the advancements in the ICT sector, and they are normall y designed to improve the quality of healthcare and the outcomes of the recovery process. This present paper seeks to propose a study that is focused on investigating the extent to which physicians and nurses who have been trained on the