Developmental Psych Core Questions Essay

Core Chapter Learning Objectives for PSY 104 Developmental psychology 1. let off the role of theories in understanding human schooling, and describe three basic issues on which major(ip)(ip) theories take a stand. (pp. 57) 2. separate new-fangled theoretical military positions on human maturement, noting the contributions of major theorists. (pp. 2126)3. Identify the stand that each contemporary speculation takes on the three basic issues presented earlier in this chapter. (pp. 26, 27)4. pull back the seek methods commonly used to study human breeding, citing the strengths and limitations of each. (pp. 2631) 5. cover three look into designs for studying phylogeny, and book of facts the strengths and limitations of each. (pp. 3438) 6. establish ethical issues related to lifespan look into. (pp. 3940)Chapter 21. justify the role and function of genes and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. (p. 46) 2. take out the inherited events that determin e the energize of the new organism. (pp. 4647) 3. Identify cardinal types of twins, and exempt how each is created. (pp. 4748) 4. get out various patterns of genetic inheritance. (pp. 4852) 5. name major chromosomal abnormalities, and exempt how they occur. (pp. 5253) 6. apologize how reproductive procedures base care likely parents in having healthy children. (pp. 5357) 7. run the well-disposed systems perspective on family functioning, on with aspects of the environs that subscribe family well- be and development. (pp. 5960) 8. dispute the conflict of socioeconomic status and poverty on family functioning. (pp. 6063) 9. total the roles of neighborhoods, towns, and cities in the lives of children and adults. (pp. 6365) 10. apologize how cultural values and practices, public policies, and political and economic conditions sham human development. (pp. 6570) 11. Explain the various ways heredity and surround can influence intricate traits. (p. 70) 12. Describe c oncepts that indicate how heredity and environment work together to influence complex human characteristics. (pp. 7274)Chapter 31. List the three phases of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each. (pp. 8085) 2. Define the term teratogen, and add the factors that propel the impact of teratogens on prenatal development. (pp. 8586) 3. List agents known or suspected of being teratogens, and address evidence supporting the harmful impact of each.(pp. 8693) 4. demonstrate other maternal factors that can travel the developing embryo or fetus. (pp. 9395) 5. Describe the three stages of childbirth. (pp. 9697) 6. question the bollockss adaptation to labor and delivery, and describe the appearance of the newborn tyke. (pp. 9798) 7. Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting the benefits and concerns associated with each. (pp. 99100) 8. List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associate d with each. (pp. 100101) 9. Describe the chances associated with preterm and small-for-date births, on with factors that help infants who survive a traumatic birth recover. (pp. 101106) 10. Describe the newborn babys reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby. (pp. 106111) 11. Describe the newborn babys sensory capacities. (pp. 111113) 12. Explain the usefulness of neonatal behavioral assessment. (pp. 113114)Chapter 41. Describe major channelizes in consistency growth over the first 2 years. (pp. 120121) 2. Summarize compounds in brain development during infancy and toddlerhood. (pp. 121129) 3. Describe the development of the cerebral cortex, and inform the concepts of brain by and byalization and brain plasticity (pp. 124125, 126) 4. Describe how two heredity and earlier experience contribute to brain organization. (pp. 125, 127128) 5. controvert changes in the organization of sleep and sharp-sightedness over the fi rst 2 years. (pp. 128129) 6. Discuss the nutritional needfully of infants and toddlers, the advantages of breastfeeding, and the extent to which chubby babies are at risk for later overweight and obesity. (pp. 130131) 7. Summarize the impact of severe malnutrition on the development of infants and toddlers, and cite two dietary diseases associated with this condition. (p. 132) 8. Describe the growth disorder known as nonorganic failure to thrive, noting symptoms and family circumstances associated with thedisorder. (pp. 132133) 9. Describe quaternity infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each. (pp. 133136) 10. Describe the general course of aim development during the first 2 years, along with factors that influence it. (pp. 137138) 11. Explain dynamic systems hypothesis of motor development (pp. 138140) 12. Discuss changes in earreach, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception that occur during infancy. (pp. 140 147) 13. Explain differentiation system of perceptual development. (pp. 147148)Chapter 51. Describe how schemes change over the course of development. (p. 152) 2. Identify Piagets six sensorimotor substages, and describe the major cognitive achievements of the sensorimotor stage. (pp. 153155) 3. Discuss recent research on sensorimotor development, noting its implications for the trueness of Piagets sensorimotor stage. (pp. 155clx) 4. Describe the discipline- treat view of cognitive development and the general structure of the information-processing system. (pp. 160162) 5. Cite changes in caution, memory, and categorization during the first 2 years. (pp. 162 one hundred sixty-five) 6. Describe contributions and limitations of the information-processing approach, and explain how it contributes to our understanding of untimely cognitive development. (p. 165) 7. Explain how Vygotskys concept of the zone of proximal development expands our understanding of early cognitive development . (pp. 165166, 167) 8. Describe the mental testing approach and the extent to which infant tests predict later performance. (pp. 166, 168169) 9. Discuss environmental influences on early mental development, including home, child care, and early intervention for at-risk infants and toddlers. (pp. 169172) 10. Describe theories of language development, and indicate how ofttimes emphasis each places on innate abilities and environmental influences. (pp. 172174) 11. Describe major milestones of language development in the first 2 years, noting undivided differences, and discuss ways in which adults can support infants and toddlers emerging capacities. (pp. 174179)Chapter 61. Discuss personality changes in the first two stages of Eriksonspsycho companionable theorybasic trust versus discredit and autonomy versus shame and doubt. (pp. 184185) 2. Describe changes in the expression of happiness, anger and sadness, and fear over the first year, noting the reconciling function of each. (pp . 185188) 3. Summarize changes during the first two years in understanding others emotions and expression of self-conscious emotions. (pp. 188189) 4. retrace the development of emotional self-regulation during the first 2 years. (pp. 189190) 5. Describe spirit, and identify the three temperamental styles elaborated by Thomas and Chess. (pp. 190191) 6. analyze Thomas and Chesss model of temperament with that of Rothbart. (p. 191) 7. Explain how temperament is assessed, and distinguish inhibited, or shy, children from uninhibited, or sociable, children. (pp. 191193) 8. Discuss the stability of temperament and the role of heredity and environment in the development of temperament. (pp. 193194) 9. Summarize the goodness-of-fit model. (pp. 194195)10. Describe Bowlbys ethological theory of attachment, and trace the development of attachment during the first two years. (pp. 196198) 11. Describe the Strange Situation and Attachment Q-Sort procedures for measuring attachment, along with t he four patterns of attachment that have been determine using the Strange Situation. (pp. 198199) 12. Discuss the factors that affect attachment security, including opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, infant characteristics, family circumstances, and parents internal operative models. (pp. 200202, 203) 13. Discuss fathers attachment relationships with their infants, and explain the role of early attachment quality in later development. (pp. 202, 204205) 14. Describe and interpret the relationship mingled with secure attachment in infancy and later development. (pp. 205206) 15. observe the emergence of self-awareness, and explain how it influences early emotional and tender development, categorization of the self, and development of self-control. (pp. 206209)Chapter 71. Describe major trends in body growth during early childhood. (pp. 216217) 2. Discuss brain development in early childhood, including handedness and changes in the cerebellum, reticular formation, and thecorpus callosum. (pp. 217219) 3. Explain how heredity influences physical growth by unequivocal the takings of hormones. (p. 219) 4. Describe the effects of emotional well-being, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical development. (pp. 219222) 5. Summarize factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and cite ways childhood injuries can be keep opened. (pp. 222223) 6. Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood, including individual and sex differences. (pp. 224227) 7. Describe advances in mental representation during the preschool years. (pp. 227229) 8. Describe limitations of preoperational thought, and summarize the implications of recent research for the accuracy of the preoperational stage. (pp. 229233) 9. Describe gentilityal principles derived from Piagets theory. (pp. 233234) 10. Describe Piagets and Vygotskys views on the development and significance of childrens private speech, along with related evidence. (p p. 234235) 11. Discuss applications of Vygotskys theory to education, and summarize challenges to his ideas. (pp. 235237) 12. Describe changes in assist and memory during early childhood. (pp. 237239) 13. Describe the young childs theory of mind. (pp. 239241) 14. Summarize childrens literacy and mathematical knowledge during early childhood. (pp. 241243) 15. Describe early childhood intelligence tests and the impact of home, educational programs, child care, and media on mental development in early childhood. (pp. 243248) 16. Trace the development of vocabulary, grammar, and conversational skills in early childhood. (pp. 248251)Chapter 81. Describe Eriksons stage of initiative versus guilt, noting major personality changes of early childhood. (p. 256) 2. Discuss preschoolers self-understanding, including characteristics of self-concepts and the emergence of egotism. (pp. 256258) 3. Cite changes in the understanding and expression of emotion during early childhood, along with facto rs that influence those changes. (pp. 258259) 4. Explain how language and temperament contribute to the development of emotional self-regulation during the preschool years. (p. 259) 5. Discuss the development of self-conscious emotions, empathy, sympathy, and pro amicablebehavior during early childhood, noting the influence of parenting. (pp. 259261) 6. Describe advances in couple sociability and in friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations. (pp. 261264) 7. Compare psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to good development, and cite child-rearing practices that support or undermine moral understanding. (pp. 264269) 8. Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, noting the influences of family and television, and cite strategies for controlling aggressive behavior. (pp. 269272) 9. Discuss genetic and environmental influences on preschoolers grammatical gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior. (pp. 273276) 10. Describe and evaluate the accuracy of major theories of gender identity, including ways to reduce gender stereotyping in young children. (pp. 276278) 11. Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on child development, explain why authoritative parenting is effective, and note cultural variations in child-rearing beliefs and practices. (pp. 278281) 12. Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and effective barroom. (pp. 281283)Chapter 91. Describe major trends in body growth during bosom childhood. (p. 290) 2. Identify common vision and hearing problems in middle childhood. (p. 291) 3. Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving particular(a) attention to obesity. (pp. 291293) 4. Identify factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and describe ways to reduce these health problems. (pp. 293294)5. Describe changes in unintentional injur ies in middle childhood. (p. 294) 6. Cite major changes in motor development and play during middle childhood, including sex differences and the importance of physical education. (pp. 294299) 7. Describe major characteristics of concrete operational thought. (pp. 299301) 8. Discuss follow-up research on concrete operational thought, noting the importance of culture and schooling.(pp. 301302) 9. Cite basic changes in information processing and describe the development of attention and memory in middle childhood.(pp. 303305) 10. Describe the school-age childs theory of mind, noting the importance of mental inferences and understanding of false belief and capacity to engage in self-regulation. (pp. 306307) 11. Discuss applications of information processing to academic learning, including current controversies in teaching reading and mathematics to elementary school children. (pp. 307309) 12. Describe major approaches to defining and measuring intelligence. (pp. 309310) 13. Summarize S ternbergs triarchic theory and Gardners theory of multiple intelligences, noting how these theories explain the limitations of current intelligence tests in assessing the diversity of human intelligence. (pp. 310312) 14. Describe evidence indicating that both heredity and environment contribute to intelligence. (pp. 312317) 15. Summarize findings on emotional intelligence, including implications for the classroom. (p. 313) 16. Describe changes in school-age childrens vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics, and cite advantages of bilingualism. (pp. 316319) 17. Explain the impact of class size and educational philosophies on childrens motivation and academic achievement. (pp. 319321)18. Discuss the role of teacher-student interaction and grouping practices in academic achievement. (pp. 321322) 19. Explain the conditions that contribute to successful placement of children with mild mental maladroitness and learning disabilities in regular classrooms. (p. 322) 20. Describe the characteri stics of gifted children, including creativity and talent, and current efforts to meet their educational needs. (pp. 323324) 21. Compare the academic achievement of North American children with children in other industrialized nations. (pp. 324325)Chapter 101. Describe Eriksons stage of industry versus inferiority, noting major personality changes in middle childhood. (p. 330) 2. Describe school-age childrens self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions. (pp. 330334) 3. Cite changes in understanding and expression of emotion in middle childhood, including the importance of problem-centered act and emotion-centered coping for managing emotion. (pp. 335336) 4. Trace the development of perspectivetaking in middle childhood, and discuss the relationship between perspective taking and social skills. (pp. 336337) 5. Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, and note the extent to which children triumph racial and ethnic biases. (pp. 337339) 6. Summarize changes in peer sociability during middle childhood, including characteristics of peer groups and friendships. (pp. 339341) 7. Describe four categories of peer acceptance, noting how each is related to social behavior, and discuss ways to help rejected children. (pp. 341342, 343) 8. Describe changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood, including sex differences and cultural influences. (pp. 342345) 9. Discuss changes in parentchild communicating and cognate relationships in middle childhood, and describe the margin of only children. (pp. 345346) 10. Discuss factors that influence childrens adjustment to divorce and blended families, highlighting the importance of parent and child characteristics, as well as social supports within the family and surrounding community. (pp. 347350) 11. Explain how maternal affair and life in dual-earner families affect school-age children, noting the influence of soc ial supports within the family and surrounding community, including child care for school-age children. (pp. 350351)12. Cite common fears and anxieties in middle childhood, with particular attention to school phobia. (pp. 352, 353) 13. Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse and its consequences for childrens development. (pp. 352354, 355) 14. Cite factors that foster resilience in middle childhood. (p. 354)Chapter 111. Discuss changing conceptions of adolescence over the past century. (pp. 362363) 2. Describe pubertal changes in body size, proportions, sleep patterns, motor performance, and sexual maturity. (pp. 363366) 3. Cite factors that influence the time of puberty. (pp. 366367) 4. Describe brain development in adolescence. (pp. 367368) 5. Discuss insipids reactions to the physical changes of puberty, including sex differences, and describe the influence of family and culture. (pp. 368370) 6. Discuss the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sexdif ferences. (pp. 370371) 7. Describe the nutritional needs of adolescents, and cite factors that contribute to serious eating disorders. (pp. 371373) 8. Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior. (pp. 373376) 9. Describe factors involved in the development of gay, homosexual, and bisexual orientations, and discuss the unique adjustment problems of these youths. (pp. 376, 377) 10. Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted diseases and to teenage gestation period and parenthood, including interventions for adolescent parents. (pp. 376, 378380) 11. Cite personal and social factors that contribute to adolescent substance use and abuse, and describe prevention and treatment programs. (pp. 380382) 12. Describe the major characteristics of ceremonial operational thought. (pp. 382384) 13. Discuss recent research on formal operational thought and its implications for the accuracy of Piagets formal operational stage. (pp. 384385) 14. Explain ho w information-processing researchers account for cognitive change in adolescence, emphasizing the development of scientific reasoning. (pp. 385386) 15. Summarize cognitive and behavioral consequences of adolescents newfound capacity for ripe(p) thinking. (pp. 386388)16. Note sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence, along with biological and environmental factors that influence them. (pp. 389390, 391) 17. Discuss the impact of school transitions on adolescent adjustment, and cite ways to ease the strain of these changes. (pp. 390, 392393) 18. Discuss family, peer, school, and employment influences on academic achievement during adolescence. (pp. 393395) 19. Describe personal, family, and school factors related to dropping out, and cite ways to prevent early school leaving. (pp. 396397)Chapter 121. Discuss Eriksons theory of identity development. (p. 402) 2. Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence. (pp. 402403) 3. Describe the four identity stat uses, the adjustment outcomes of each status, and factors that promote identity development. (pp. 403406) 4. Discuss Kohlbergs theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy. (pp. 407409) 5. Summarize research on Gilligans claim thatKohlbergs theory underestimated the moral maturity of females. (pp. 409410)6. Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior. (pp. 410414) 7. Explain why early adolescence is a period of gender intensification, and cite factors that promote the development of an androgynous gender identity. (pp. 414415) 8. Discuss changes in parentchild and sibling relationships during adolescence. (pp. 415417) 9. Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development. (pp. 417421) 10. Discuss conformity to peer pressure in adolescence, noting the importance of authoritative child rearing. (p. 421) 11. Discuss factors related to adolescent depression and suicide, along with appr oaches for prevention and treatment. (pp. 421423) 12. Summarize factors related to delinquency, and describe strategies for prevention and treatment. (pp. 423426)Chapter 131. Describe current theories of biological aging, including those at the level of DNA and body cells, and those at the level of organs and tissues. (pp. 432434) 2. Describe the physical changes of aging, paying redundant attention to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, motor performance, the immune system, and reproductive capacity. (pp. 434438) 3. Describe the impact of SES, nutrition, obesity, and exercise on health in adulthood. (pp. 438444) 4. Describe trends in substance abuse in early adulthood, and discuss the health risks of each. (pp. 444445) 5. Summarize sexual attitudes and behaviors in young adults, including sexual orientation, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual coercion, and premenstrual syndrome. (pp. 445449) 6. Explain how psychological stress affects health. (pp. 449451) 7. Summarize p rominent theories on the restructuring of thought in adulthood, including those of Perry and Labouvie-Vief. (pp. 451453) 8. Discuss the development of expertise and creativity in adulthood. (pp. 453454) 9. Describe the impact of a college education on young peoples lives, and discuss the problem of dropping out.(pp. 454455) 10. Trace the development of vocational choice, and note factors that influence it. (pp. 455458) 11. Discuss vocational preparation of non-college-boundyoung adults, including the challenges these individuals face.(pp. 458459)Chapter 141. Define emerging adulthood, and explain how cultural change has contributed to the emergence of this period. (pp. 464466) 2. Describe Eriksons stage of intimacy versus isolation, noting personality changes that take place during early adulthood. (pp. 468469) 3. Summarize Levinsons and Vaillants psychosocial theories of adult personality development, including how they apply to both mens and womens lives and their limitations. (p p. 469471) 4. Describe the social clock and how it relates to adjustment in adulthood. (p. 471) 5. Discuss factors that affect mate selection, and explain the role of romantic love in young adults quest for intimacy. (pp. 472, 474) 6. Explain how culture influences the experience of love. (p. 475) 7. Cite characteristics of adult friendships and sibling relationships, including differences between same-sex, other-sex, and sibling friendships. (pp. 475476) 8. Cite factors that influence loneliness, and explain the role of loneliness in adult development. (pp. 476477) 9. Trace phases of the family life unit of ammunition that are prominent in early adulthood, noting factors that influence these phases. (pp. 478485) 10. Discuss the diversity of adult lifestyles, focusing on singlehood, cohabitation, and childlessness. (pp. 486488) 11. Discuss trends in divorce and remarriage, along with factors that contribute to them. (pp. 488489) 12. Summarize challenges associated with variant styl es of parenthood, including stepparents, never-married single parents, and gay and lesbian parents. (pp. 489491) 13. Describe patterns of career development, and cite difficulties faced by women, ethnic minorities, and couples seeking to combine work and family. (pp. 491495)Chapter 151. Describe the physical changes of middle adulthood, paying special attention to vision, hearing, the skin, musclefat makeup, and the skeleton. (pp. 502504, 505) 2. Summarize reproductive changes experienced by middle-aged men and women, and discuss the symptoms of menopause, the benefits and risks of hormone therapy, and womens psychological reactionsto menopause. (pp. 504, 506509) 3. Discuss grammatical gender in middle adulthood. (p. 509)4. Discuss cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, noting sex differences, risk factors, and interventions. (pp. 509513) 5. Explain how hostility and anger affect health. (pp. 513514) 6. Discuss the benefits of stress management, exercise, and an optimist ic outlook in adapting to the physical challenges of midlife. (pp. 514517) 7. Explain the double standard of aging. (p. 517)8. Describe changes in crystallized and fluid intelligence during middle adulthood, and discuss individual and group differences in dexterous development. (pp. 518520) 9. Describe changes in information processing in midlife, paying special attention to speed of processing, attention, and memory. (pp. 520523) 10. Discuss the development of practical problem solving, expertise, and creativity in middle adulthood. (pp. 523525) 11. Describe the relationship between vocational life and cognitive development. (pp. 525526) 12. Discuss the challenges of adult learners, ways to support returning students, and benefits of earning a degree in midlife. (pp. 526527)Chapter 161. Describe Eriksons stage of generativity versus stagnation, noting major personality changes of middle adulthood and related research findings. (pp. 532535) 2. Discuss Levinsons and Vaillants views of psychosocial development in middle adulthood, noting gender similarities and differences. (pp. 535536) 3. Summarize research examining the chief of whether most middle-aged adults experience a midlife crisis.(pp. 536537) 4. Describe stability and change in self-concept and personality in middle adulthood. (pp. 538539) 5. Describe changes in gender identity in midlife. (pp. 540542) 6. Discuss stability and change in the big five personality traits in adulthood. (pp. 542543) 7. Describe the middle adulthood phase of the family life cycle, and discuss midlife marital relationships and relationships with adult children, grandchildren, and aging parents. (pp. 543551) 8. Describe midlife sibling relationshipsand friendships. (pp. 551553) 9. Discuss job satisfaction and career development in middle adulthood, paying special attention to gender differences and experiences of ethnic minorities. (pp. 553555) 10. Describe career change and unemployment in middle adulthood. (p. 556) 11. Dis cuss the importance of planning for retirement, noting various issues that middle-aged adults should address. (pp. 556557)Chapter 171. Distinguish between chronological age and functional age, and discuss changes in life expectancy over the past century. (pp. 564566, 568569) 2. Explain age-related changes in the nervous system during late adulthood. (pp. 566567) 3. Summarize changes in sensory functioning during late adulthood, including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. (pp. 567570) 4. Describe cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune system changes in late adulthood. (pp. 570571) 5. Discuss sleep difficulties in late adulthood. (pp. 571572) 6. Summarize changes in physical health and mobility in late adulthood, including elders adaptation to the physical changes, and reactions to stereotypes of aging. (pp. 572575, 576) 7. Discuss health and fitness in late life, paying special attention to nutrition, exercise, and sexuality. (pp. 575579) 8. Discuss common physical disabilit ies in late adulthood, with special attention to arthritis, adult-onset diabetes, and unintentional injuries. (pp. 580582) 9. Describe mental disabilities common in late adulthood, including Alzheimers disease, cerebrovascular dementia, and misdiagnosed and two-sided dementia. (pp. 582588) 10. Discuss health-care issues that affect senior citizens. (pp. 589590) 11. Describe changes in crystallized and fluid abilities in late adulthood, and explain how ripened adults can make the most of their cognitive resources. (pp. 590591) 12. Summarize memory changes in late life, including implicit, associative, remote, and prospective memories. (pp. 591594) 13. Discuss changes in language processing in late adulthood. (pp. 594595) 14. Explain how problem solving changes in late life. (p. 595) 15. Discuss the capacities that contribute to wisdom, noting how it is affected by age and life experience. (pp. 595596) 16. Discuss factors related to cognitive change in late adulthood. (pp. 596597)Cha pter 181. Describe Eriksons stage of ego integrity versus despair. (p. 604) 2. Discuss Pecks tasks of ego integrity, Joan Eriksons gerotranscendence, and Labouvie-Viefs emotional expertise.(pp. 604605) 3. Describe the functions of reminiscence and life analyse in older adults lives. (pp. 606, 607) 4. Summarize stability and change in self-concept and personality in late adulthood. (pp. 606608) 5. Discuss spirituality and religiosity in late adulthood. (pp. 608609) 6. Discuss contextual influences on psychological well-being as older adults respond to increased dependency, declining health, and negative life changes. (pp. 609611, 612) 7. Summarize the role of social support and social interaction in promoting physical health and psychological well-being in late adulthood. (p. 611) 8. Describe social theories of aging, including disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, and socioemotional selectivity theory. (pp. 612615, 616) 9. Describe changes in social relationship s in late adulthood, including marriage, gay and lesbian partnerships, divorce, remarriage, cohabitation, and widowhood, and discuss never-married, childless older adults. (pp. 619623) 10. Explain how sibling relationships and friendships change in late life. (pp. 624625) 11. Describe older adults relationships with adult children, adult grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. (pp. 625626) 12. Summarize elder maltreatment, including risk factors and strategies for prevention. (pp. 627628) 13. Discuss the decision to retire, adjustment to retirement, and involvement in leisure and volunteer activities. (pp. 628632)14. Discuss the meaning of optimal aging. (pp. 632633)Chapter 191. Describe the physical changes of dying, along with their implications for defining death and the meaning of death with dignity. (pp. 640642) 2. Discuss age-related changes in conception of and attitudes toward death, including ways to enhance child and adolescent understanding. (pp. 642644) 3. Cite factors t hat influence death anxiety, including personal and cultural variables that contribute to the fear of death. (p. 643) 4.Describe and evaluate Kbler-Rosss theory of typical responses to dying, citing factors that influence dying patients responses. (pp. 647648) 5. Evaluate the extent to which homes, hospitals, and the hospice approach meet the needs of dying people and their families. (pp. 650653) 6. Discuss controversies surrounding euthanasia and assisted suicide. (pp. 654659) 7. Describe bereavement and the phases of grieving, indicating factors that underlie individual variations in grief responses. (pp. 659660) 8. Explain the concept of bereavement overload, and describe bereavement interventions. (pp. 663, 665) 9. Explain how death education can help people cope with death more effectively. (p. 665)